Discovery of Active Antibacterial Fractions of Different Plant Part Extracts of clove (Syzigium aromaticum) Against Streptococcus mutans

Yayu Mulsiani Evary; Nana Juniarti Natsir Djide; Isvi Nur Aulia

doi:10.18006/2024.12(4).625.633

Authors

Yayu Mulsiani Evary Department of Pharmacy Sains and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan No.10, Makassar, Sulawesi Selatan, 90245, Indonesia
Nana Juniarti Natsir Djide Department of Pharmacy Sains and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan No.10, Makassar, Sulawesi Selatan, 90245, Indonesia
Isvi Nur Aulia Department of Pharmacy Sains and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan No.10, Makassar, Sulawesi Selatan, 90245, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18006/2024.12(4).625.633

Keywords:

Antibacterial, Cloves, Dental caries, Syzigium aromaticum, Streptococcus mutans

Abstract

Nowadays, dental cavities caused by Streptococcus mutans are a major focus of research in Indonesia. While several antibiotics are available to combat this bacterium, concerns about antibiotic resistance have prompted researchers to explore natural remedies. Clove (Syzigium aromaticum) is a commonly studied natural remedy against dental cavities and S. mutans. Among the different parts of the clove plant, clove bud is the most widely used against dental cavities or S. mutans, and the potential of other clove parts has not been thoroughly explored. Identifying which parts of the clove plant have higher concentrations of active ingredients and exhibit the strongest antibacterial activity is important. Therefore, this study evaluated the antibacterial activity of three different parts, i.e., leaf, stems, and buds of the clove plant ethanolic extracts against S. mutans. The ethanolic extracts of clove leaf, stems, and buds were prepared using the maceration method with 70% ethanol, and their activity against S. mutans was tested using the disc diffusion method at three different concentrations (10%, 5%, 2.5% b/v). Fractionation was carried out using hexane and water to obtain two fractions: hexane and water fraction. These fractions were then subjected to antibacterial assays. The ethanolic leaf, stems, and bud extracts exhibited varying antibacterial activity levels. The best activity was observed with the 10% clove bud ethanolic extract, which produced an inhibition zone of 20.83 ± 0.77 mm. The leaf and stem extracts showed inhibition zones of 16.38 ± 3.84 mm and 17.95 ± 5.15 mm, respectively. Furthermore, the hexane-soluble fraction of the clove bud displayed the highest activity with an inhibition zone diameter of 23.7 ± 3.21 mm at 10%. This activity was twice as high as ampicillin, used as the positive control. In conclusion, clove bud remains the best source of antibacterial compounds against S. mutans. Fractionation of the bud extract using hexane can significantly enhance its activity. Further investigation should be conducted to optimize the effectiveness of this active fraction for use as an anti-dental caries treatment.

Author Biographies

Yayu Mulsiani Evary, Department of Pharmacy Sains and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan No.10, Makassar, Sulawesi Selatan, 90245, Indonesia

Department of Pharmacy Sains and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan No.10, Makassar, Sulawesi Selatan, 90245, Indonesia

Nana Juniarti Natsir Djide, Department of Pharmacy Sains and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan No.10, Makassar, Sulawesi Selatan, 90245, Indonesia

Department of Pharmacy Sains and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan No.10, Makassar, Sulawesi Selatan, 90245, Indonesia

Isvi Nur Aulia, Department of Pharmacy Sains and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan No.10, Makassar, Sulawesi Selatan, 90245, Indonesia

Department of Pharmacy Sains and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan No.10, Makassar, Sulawesi Selatan, 90245, Indonesia

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