Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences

HPLC based Phytochemicals Analysis of Phyllanthus emblica (Indian Gooseberry/Amla): A mini Review

S Dutta — 2024-05-15

High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) is an analytical tool extensively used for the scientific analysis of components in a mixture. Several reports attribute its high analytical potential to bioactive components from different medicinal plants. Hepatic disorders, which have been a major threat to public health for decades, affect cells, tissues, structure, or liver function. The damage caused by this can be triggered by biological causes, autoimmune diseases, excessive alcohol consumption, or the action of different compounds, for instance, few medicines. Phyllanthus emblica Linn. is a therapeutic plant that has been used to treat liver disorders in Asia for many decades now. It is mentioned in the Ayurvedic scriptures for its medicinal value. This review focuses on the intricacies of HPLC-based extraction and analysis of medicinally important phytochemicals, notably for hepatic disorders from the P. emblica plant. This will be useful for future phytochemical analysts working with medicinal plants.

Exploring the Potential Role of Lactobacillus plantarum in the Reversal of Induced Cognitive Long-term Memory Impairment

Murugan Mukilan — 2024-05-15

Long-term Memory (LTM) is formed by sequential changes in the different brain regions due to synaptic plasticity changes. This synaptic plasticity changes formed in the brain due to the acquittance of unexposed information and its retrieval due to learning and memory formation (LMF). In a normal condition, LMF uses RNA and protein synthesis machinery to form LTM, which lasts till the end of an organism's lifetime. Formed LTM shows sequential changes happening in the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons. Stated sequential changes are initiated when the released neurotransmitter binds with the postsynaptic neuronal receptors and activates the brain's ERK - CREB neuronal signaling pathway. Based on the previous findings, the present study was designed to study the interrelationship between cognitive impairment and oral/gut dysbiosis with the help of a probiotic strain (Lactobacillus plantarum). Two phases of behavioural analysis (first and second phase) were used to identify the effect of oral microbial infusions on impaired LTM formation and its reversal using restoration of dysbiosed gut/oral microbiota. The first phase of behavioural analysis (FPBA) reported that oral microbial infusion plays a major role in developing oral/gut dysbiosis, which results in impaired cognitive functions. Further, formed oral/gut microbiota dysbiosis was reversed with the help of probiotic strain in the second phase of behavioural analysis (SPBA). Thus, a comparative two-phase behavioural analysis revealed that probiotics may play a significant role in reversing induced cognitive decline. The outcome of the present study also proved that probiotic treatment might play a major role in the reversal of dysbiosed microbiota in the oral cavity and the gut.

Exploring Mechanism of Actions for Eugenol and Beta-Caryophyllene to Combat Colorectal Cancer Chemotherapy Using Network Pharmacology

Krupali Trivedi — 2024-05-15

This study explores the potential of essential oils, Eugenol (EUG), and Beta-Caryophyllene (BCP) in enhancing the efficacy of the chemotherapeutic drug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in treating metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC). Pharmacokinetic assessment through ADMET analysis indicates that EUG and BCP adhere to the rule of five with good bioavailability, ensuring their drug-likeness properties. The study employs a multitarget strategy to reduce drug dosage and enhance effectiveness, testing the compounds on the HCT116 human colorectal cancer cell line. MTT assay revealed in-vitro cytotoxic effects of EUG, BCP, and 5-FU, with a noteworthy reduction in IC₅₀ values observed when combining the compounds, indicating synergistic effects (CI < 1) as depicted in the Fa-CI plot. Network pharmacology-based analysis of the compound-disease-target (C-D-T) network identifies 58, 24, and 49 target proteins for EUG, BCP, and 5-FU, respectively, in metastatic CRC. Venn diagram intersection reveals 11 common target proteins, and the merged C-D-T network highlights 84 target proteins, with 16 selected based on edge count, including HSP90AA1, IGF-1R, ESR1, and CASP3. Molecular docking studies indicate that EUG, BCP, and 5-FU effectively inhibit the core target protein HSP90AA1 within the C-D-T network, suggesting their potential as modulators for CRC metastasis. These findings propose a promising approach for developing drugs targeting specific proteins to mitigate metastasis in colorectal cancer.

Influence of particle size fraction and bioactive compound contents on the biological activities of Solanum torvum L. leaf powder extracts

ASSIENE AGAMOU Julien Armel — 2024-05-15

This study investigates the bioactive compound content and biological activities of raw powder extracts and particle size fractions from Solanum torvum leaves. The leaves, harvested from Douala, were processed into powders and subsequently divided into different fractions. Methanolic extracts of these powders were analyzed for their content of bioactive compounds (total polyphenols, total flavonoids, and condensed tannins), antioxidant (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP assays), and antimicrobial (bacterial and fungal) activities. The particle size fraction of 250-400 µm constitutes the largest proportion (33.41%) of the raw powder. The highest contents of bioactive compounds are found in the 200-250, 400-500, and < 125 µm fractions for total polyphenols (44.62 ± 0.19 mg GEA/100 ml extract), total flavonoids (14.47 ± 0.37 mg QE/100 ml extract), and condensed tannins (22.79 ± 0.12 mg CE/100 ml extract), respectively. The antioxidant activity of extracts from 500-800µm fraction improved their DPPH and ABTS assays by 31.50% and 40.44% compared to the raw powder. The same fraction (500-800 µm) and the raw powder extracts demonstrated bactericidal activities, while the 125-200, 200-250, and ≥ 800 µm fraction extracts exhibited moderate and significant antifungal activities against several bacterial and fungal strains, respectively. These biological activities are primarily attributed to the average flavonoid contents, which become more accessible in extracts after fractionation. This method of processing powder suggests that no plant powder should be disregarded or rejected due to its low content of bioactive compounds.

Optimization of Formic Acid-Formalin-Based Decalcification Protocol for Rat Calvarial Bone Histology

S. Amitha Banu — 2024-05-15

Decalcification is crucial in histological processing, particularly for studying mineralized tissues like bone. The choice of decalcification method can significantly impact the quality of histological sections and the preservation of tissue morphology. This study aims to establish a standardized protocol for decalcifying rat calvarial bone using a formic acid-formalin-based decalcification solution. The protocol was systematically optimized and evaluated based on various parameters, including decalcification time, formic acid concentration, and tissue integrity preservation. The decalcification process was evaluated through comprehensive assessments, including gross physical examination, chemical analysis, and radiographic imaging techniques. Our result demonstrated that the 10% formic acid concentration proved most effective for decalcifying rat calvarial bone samples within eight days, excelling in mineral content removal while preserving specimen structural integrity. In contrast, the 5% concentration failed to complete decalcification within ten days, and the 15% compromised sample quality within eight days. Histological analyses confirmed the efficacy of the 10% formic acid concentration in maintaining tissue integrity and achieving optimal staining quality. The standardized protocol presented in this study provides an effective and reliable approach for achieving consistent and high-quality histological sections of rat calvarial bone. An ideal decalcification agent should effectively remove calcium salts, preserve structural integrity and molecular components, facilitate rapid yet minimally damaging decalcification, and ensure ease of handling for laboratory personnel. Further exploration of its applicability to different bone types or species is recommended to broaden its research utility.

AN ASSESSMENT OF PESTICIDE POISONING INCIDENCES PRESENTED AT HEALTH CARE FACILITIES IN MASHONALAND CENTRAL PROVINCE, ZIMBABWE

Kenneth Chipere — 2024-05-15

Acute Pesticide Poisoning (APP) is a significant problem in developing countries, causing loss of productivity and fatalities in the agricultural sector. However, limited information on the connection between pesticide use, APP, and deaths in Zimbabwe is available. This study aimed to evaluate incidents that resulted in APP and identify the specific pesticides that caused them at Health Care Facilities (HCFs) in Mashonaland Central Province. Researchers conducted a survey asking standardized questions to gather information on APP cases from 93 HCFs. Descriptive statistics and chi-square association tests for APP cases in the targeted HCFs were calculated using IBM SPSS version 22. The study found that 43% of APP cases were due to pesticides belonging to the World Health Organization (WHO) class II acute toxicity category, while 26.1% were caused by Highly Hazardous Pesticides (HHPs). Most of the cases were due to intentional poisoning (87.1%), with the majority (55.9%) of APP incidents being males. The highest APP cases were recorded in the 21-30 age group (38.8%), followed by the 31-40 age group (32.8%). These results emphasize the significant impact of intentional poisoning by WHO class II type pesticides, particularly HHPs, on the incidence of APP in Zimbabwe. To mitigate the impact of HHPs on human health, it is recommended that the government of Zimbabwe consider pesticide risk reduction measures, such as stricter pesticide registration criteria, import restrictions, and the promotion of less toxic alternatives. These findings highlight the urgent need for policymakers, researchers, and other stakeholders in the agricultural sector to work collaboratively towards creating a safer and more sustainable farming environment in Zimbabwe.

Potential effect of fruit and flower extracts of Arbutus unedo L. on Tetrahymena pyriformis exposed to a cobalt-60 source

Fatine Belfekih — 2024-05-15

Exposure of Tetrahymena pyriformis cultures to cobalt-60 for 72 h significantly impacted the cells' growth, appearance, and physiology. This study aims to investigate the protective effects of Arbutus unedo L flowers and fruit extracts on T. pyriformis against gamma radiation. Initially, aqueous and 50% ethanolic extracts of the fruits and flowers were prepared, and their cytotoxicity on the ciliate was evaluated. The irradiated ciliate's cellular viability and morphological aspect improved when a non-toxic concentration of 25 µg/mL was added to the growth medium. The addition of extracts restored glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenase activities to their initial levels, similar to non-irradiated cells. In addition, the extracts reduced oxidative stress markers, such as lipid peroxidation, and decreased the activities of antioxidant defence enzymes, catalase, and superoxide dismutase. This may be attributed to the antioxidant properties of the extracts. Results of this study revealed that the flower extracts exhibited better protective effects than the fruit extracts, with superior antioxidant activity in the in-vitro DPPH scavenging assay. These results suggest that A. unedo flower extracts may have potential as exogenous radioprotective agents.

Characterization of herbicide use practices in cereal agroecosystems in western Burkina Faso

Bazoma BAYILI — 2024-05-15

The use of pesticides often leads to environmental contamination above acceptable levels. The level of contamination is related to poor pesticide application practices, in addition to the properties of pesticides and soil characteristics. The primary objective of this study was to characterize herbicides and their application practices in cereal crops in the regions of Hauts-Bassins, Sud-Ouest, Cascades, and Boucle du Mouhoun in Burkina Faso. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect and extract data from 617 cereal farmers in the four regions. During the survey, the identified herbicides were characterized using pesticide property databases. The survey shows that most cereal farmers in the regions are illiterate (58.18%) and have not received any training in pesticide use (84.28%). Only a small percentage of farmers (1.3%) consult technical services for the selection of herbicides to be used. The survey also revealed that 60% of farmers leave empty herbicide containers in the wild, 39.93% use water sources to clean sprayers, and 17.83% use them to prepare the spray mixture. A total of 25 active ingredients were identified in 117 commercial herbicide products with a total use of 8100 litres and 280 kg. Of the listed herbicides, 45.37% were not approved by the Sahel Pesticide Committee (CSP). Among the non-approved herbicides, 27.78% contained paraquat, atrazine, and acetochlor, which the CSP bans. The study shows that farmers do not follow good practices when using herbicides, which can contaminate different environmental compartments and cause harmful effects to non-target organisms.

Effect of different doses of nitrogen and inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense on the productive characteristics of maize

Derlys Fernando López Avalos — 2024-05-15

This study assessed the effects of different nitrogen doses on maize crops, with and without the inoculation of Azospirillum brasilense. The experiment was carried out during the 2020/2021 harvest season in the administrative department of Concepción, district of Horqueta, Paraguay, at the coordinates of 23°14'31.7" S and 56°53'05.9" W. The experiment followed a randomized complete block design (RCBD) arranged in a factorial design (4 X 2). Factor A included nitrogen doses (0, 40, 80, and 120 kg ha^-1), while factor B corresponded to the bacterial inoculation (with and without A. brasilense). The experiment was performed in three replications; each experimental unit (EU) was 22.5 m². The study evaluated the following characteristics: plant height, cob insertion height, cob length and diameter, weight of 1000 kernels, and kernel yield. The data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the averages were compared using Tukey's test at a 5% probability of error. Regression analysis was also carried out during the study. The experiment results demonstrated that increased nitrogen levels positively affected the measured characteristics, fitting a quadratic model, except for cob insertion height. Inoculation with A. brasilense significantly increased corn growth and productivity. The interaction of both factors produced a significant increase in cob length. Based on the experiment results, applying 104.30 kg ha^-1 of N in combination with A. brasilense inoculation is recommended for improved maize production.

Antibiotic-Induced Changes in Efflux Transporter Expression: A Key Factor in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Resistance

Zara Imtiaz — 2024-05-15

Listed by WHO as an antibiotic-resistant priority pathogen, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P.A.) is a serious threat in nosocomial infections. Its high antibiotic resistance is attributed to major mechanisms that can be categorized into intrinsic, acquired, and adaptive resistance. This study tests the ability of three commonly used antibiotics to inhibit new biofilm formation and eradicate mature biofilm growth, as well as investigate changes in the expression levels of selected genes coding for multidrug efflux pumps in P.A. planktonic cells and biofilms before and after treatment with antibiotics to provide a conceptual estimate of the activity of the efflux transporters that work to extrude antibiotics leading to a reduction in their effectiveness. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted with Ofloxacin (OFLX), Tobramycin (TOB), and Ceftazidime (CAZ) to determine Mean Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Mean Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) using microtiter plate-based biofilm assay and spectrophotometric quantification. Extraction of total RNA was performed from planktonic cultures, inhibition phase, and eradication phase P.A. biofilms. Real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR was utilized to analyze the changes in expression of the mexAB, mexXY, and oprM genes. Three (3) antibiotics that have proven to show less resistance are OFLX, TOB, and CAZ when tested against overnight cultures of P.A. strain PA01. Results showed that OFLX is best for bactericidal properties, which is also supported by the viability assay data obtained from Propidium Iodide staining. Our study showed that the PAO1 strain is susceptible to OFLX for both inhibition and eradication of mature biofilms. TOB was most effective at higher concentrations in the eradication phase.

Assess the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of herbal popsicles prepared by Hibiscus sabdariffa L. and Clitorea ternatea floral waste

Anirban Debnath — 2024-05-15

In this study, we extracted bio-colour from two commonly available flowers, Rosella (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) and Butterfly pea flower (Clitoria ternatea), and evaluated their potential therapeutic benefits by examining their antioxidant and antibacterial activity. To assess the suitability and quality of the extracted bio-colour as a food additive, we formulated ice popsicles using bio-colour derived from H. sabdariffa and C. ternatea. The crude floral waste extract of H. sabdariffa showed the highest reducing capacity (FRAP assay), antioxidant activity (DPPH, ABTS assay), and antibacterial potential. This may be attributed to polyphenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins, ascorbic acids, organic acids, hibiscus acid, and other compounds in H. sabdariffa flower parts. The ice popsicles formulated with these two bio-colours contained significant polyphenol and flavonoid content, contributing to their antioxidant potential comparable to ice popsicles available in the local market. The formulated ice popsicles also retained better physical properties (texture, melting, smoothness/hardness) and sensory qualities (as per hedonic scale rating) than market-derived ice popsicles. Therefore, these two crude floral wastes can be utilized as functional food bio-colourants in the food industry.

Exploring the Impact of Micro-plastics on Soil Health and Ecosystem Dynamics: A Comprehensive Review

Pratikshya Paudel — 2024-05-15

Microplastics, defined as particles measuring less than 5 mm, have emerged as widespread environmental pollutants, prompting concerns regarding their impact on soil ecosystems. This review investigates microplastics' presence, movement, and effects on soil health and ecosystem dynamics while highlighting their diverse sources, including industrial production and the breakdown of larger plastic materials. Despite their ubiquity, a significant gap exists in our understanding of the consequences of microplastics in terrestrial ecosystems, particularly within soils. The findings of this review article revealed that microplastics exert notable influences on soil properties, altering bulk density, aggregation, and water-holding capacity, which may have significant implications for soil biota and plant vitality. Furthermore, microplastics also carry toxic substances, complicating their environmental impact. The effects on soil microorganisms and soil-dwelling fauna, such as earthworms, underscore the intricate relationships within soil ecosystems. Additionally, microplastics can interact with other soil pollutants, potentially amplifying their adverse effects. The long-term impacts of microplastics on soil health remain uncertain, underscoring the imperative for sustained research endeavours. Challenges persist, including the absence of standardized methodologies for microplastic extraction and identification in soils, which hampers our ability to understand their presence and effects comprehensively. Furthermore, the lack of regulatory frameworks complicates managing and mitigating microplastic pollution. Future research should adopt a holistic approach, considering diverse microplastic types and applications. Both field and laboratory experiments are essential for accurately capturing the varied influences of microplastics. Efforts should concentrate on understanding the occurrence of microplastics, developing reliable detection methods, and exploring their interactions with other pollutants, especially in terrestrial ecosystems. In conclusion, mitigating microplastic pollution requires multifaceted strategies informed by ongoing research efforts and public awareness campaigns. We can effectively address the challenges posed by microplastic contamination in soil ecosystems through concerted action and comprehensive understanding.