Sheep Associated-Malignant Catarrhal Fever: Past, present, and future

Kirankere Ananthapadmanabha Shyamsundar; Doddamane Rathnamma; Basavegowdanadoddi Marinaik Chandranaik; Beechagondahalli P. Shivashankar; Ramakrishnaiah Sharada; Shrikrishna Isloor; Kuralayanapalya Puttahonnappa Suresh; Sharanagouda Patil

doi:10.18006/2023.11(1).16.23

Authors

Kirankere Ananthapadmanabha Shyamsundar Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Veterinary College (KVAFSU), Hebbal, Bangalore 560 024, Karnataka, India https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9903-6438
Doddamane Rathnamma Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Veterinary College (KVAFSU), Hebbal, Bangalore 560 024, Karnataka, India
Basavegowdanadoddi Marinaik Chandranaik Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals (IAH&VB), Bangalore 560 024, Karnataka, India
Beechagondahalli P. Shivashankar Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals (IAH&VB), Bangalore 560 024, Karnataka, India
Ramakrishnaiah Sharada Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Veterinary College (KVAFSU), Hebbal, Bangalore 560 024, Karnataka, India
Shrikrishna Isloor Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Veterinary College (KVAFSU), Hebbal, Bangalore 560 024, Karnataka, India https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3264-3874
Kuralayanapalya Puttahonnappa Suresh ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3005-0522
Sharanagouda Patil ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2018-1227

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18006/2023.11(1).16.23

Keywords:

Emerging disease, India, Malignant catarrhal fever, Ovine gamma herpesvirus 2, Sheep associated

Abstract

Members of Artiodactyla can contract the infectious disease Malignant Catarrhal Fever (MCF), which has a wide range of symptoms. Ten known viruses contribute to the disease, the two most significant ones being Ovine gamma herpes virus 2 (OvHV-2) and Alcelaphine gamma herpes virus 1 (AIHV-1). In the African subcontinent, AIHV-1 is seen in most MCF cases. In the Indian scenario, Ovine gamma herpes virus-2 is the main culprit. MCF is reported in certain pockets of India. Its threat to wildlife is not yet completely understood. In AIHV-1, wildebeests serve as the primary MCF reservoir, whereas with OvHV-2, the primary MCF reservoir is sheep. In India, OvHV-2 causes MCF in deer species, bison, and water buffaloe. The life cycle and properties of this virus are not yet wholly deciphered. To understand the impact of the disease and the threat it may pose in the future, we need to have diagnostic techniques in place. Currently, PCR is the most commonly used diagnostic technique. Work should be done on field-oriented tests like ELISA and LFA, which are helpful in areas without sophisticated lab facilities. Treatment protocols must be in place, as culling bovines is not an accepted policy in India. Probable plans for overcoming all these problems are discussed in this article.

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