A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW ON THE PREVALENCE OF MENTALLY CHALLENGED ADOLESCENTS IN INDIA AND THE EFFICACY OF DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS WITH HERBS ON COGNITIVE FUNCTION

Manjula  J; Karthiga  K

doi:10.18006/2021.9(Spl-1-GCSGD_2020).S23.S29

Authors

Manjula J The Research Centre of Home Science, Fatima College (Autonomous), Madurai, India
Karthiga K The Research Centre of Home Science, Fatima College (Autonomous), Madurai, India

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18006/2021.9(Spl-1-GCSGD_2020).S23.S29

Keywords:

Cognitive Development, Mental Retardation, Adolescents, Herbs

Abstract

Health is the state of well-being in physical, social, spiritual, and mental health. Apart from physical health, mental health is of prime importance. The brain is one of the most complex organs in the body. The brain has multiple tasking abilities like learn, play, concentrate, remember and it helps in sustaining a clear mind. Brain comprises around 60% fat with omega 3 fatty acid and Docosahexaenoic acid, these two supports the normal neuronal membranes. The modern diet lacking in omega 3 and DHA may harm cognitive development. In the world, India stands second place with a population of 135.26 crores. India comprises one fifth of the adolescent population that is around 27.05% of the total population. According to the American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, “Mental retardation is a disability characterized by significant limitations both in intellectual functioning and in adaptive behaviour. Mental health in adolescents is neglected and it increased morbidity and mortality during recent years. Cognitive development in adolescence occurs in three main areas. The three areas are advanced reasoning skills, abstract thinking, and formal operational thinking. The psychiatric disorders in adolescents begin before the age of 14 and nearly 50% of adolescents are affected during this period. The remaining 20% of the adolescent’s population are affected by predisposing or precipitating factor. Plants have been used as a medicine based on folk remedies and experience. Due to the immense potential of medicinal plants, the research work was planned to carry out on plant based medicine. Various nutraceuticals and pharmaceutical components have been derived from medicinal plants. Plants such as Centella asiatica, Bacopa monnieri, and various herbs are rich source of omega 3, Alpha-linolenic acid, Minerals and Vitamins which helps in cognitive development and work as memory enhancer in human being.

References

ACAP (2003) American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

Aggarwal SP (2003) Mental Health: An Indian Perspective 1946-2003. Medical Journal Armed Forces India 61: 205.

Appa Rao MVR, Srinivasan K, Koteswara Rao T (1977) The Effect of Centellaasiatica on the General Mental Ability of Mentally Retarded Children. Indian Journal of Psychiatry 4: 54–59.

Birks J, Grimley JE, Van MD (2002) Ginkgo biloba for Cognitive Impairment and Dementia (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 4.

Chaturvedi M, Chaturvedi AK (2017) Acorus calamus: A Divine Drug for the Human being. Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research 3: 1499-503.

Christian K, Baker-Henningham H, Belfer M, Conti G, Ertem I, et al. (2011) Child and Adolescent Mental Health Worldwide: Evidence for Action. Global Mental Health 378: 1-11.

Desousa A (2014) Herbal Medications to Enhance Cognition and Cognitive Ability, Department of Psychiatry, Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College, Mumbai.

Dev RDO, Mohamed S, Hambali Z, Samah BA (2009) Comparison on Cognitive Effects of Centella asiatica in Healthy Middle Age Female and Male Volunteers. European Journal of Scientific Research 31: 553–565.

Dhingra D, Goyal PK (2008) Evidences for involvement of Monoaminergic and GABAergic system in Antidepressanst like Activity of Tinosporacordifolia in mice. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 40: 761-767.

Donald M (2011) A Mind So Rare: The Evolution of Human Consciousness, Norton.

Hossain MM, Purohit N (2019) Improving Child and Adolescent Mental Health in India: Status, Services, Policies and Way Forward. Indian Journal of Psychiatry 61: 415-419.

Keating DP (2004) Handbook of Adolescent Psychology, John Wiley and Sons Inc, Washington, Pp. 45–84.

Kessler RC, Angermeyer M, Anthony JC (2007) Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of mental disorders in the World Health Organization’s World Mental Health Survey Initiative. World Psychiatry 6: 168–76.

Kia FJ, Lorigooini Z, Khoei HA (2017) Medicinal Plants: Past History and Future Perspective. Journal of Herbmed Pharmacology 1: 1-7.

Knapik JJ, Trone DW, Austin KG, Steelman RA, Farina EK, Lieberman HR (2016) Prevalence, Adverse Events, and Factors Associated with Dietary Supplement and Nutritional Supplement Use by US Navy and Marine Corps Personnel. Journal of Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 116: 1423–1442.

Kokate CK, Purohit AP, Gokhale SB (2005) A Text Book of Pharmacognosy”, Edn.-XIII, Published by Niraliprakashan, Pune , Pp: 91, 219,221,234,511,518.

Massey AJ (1999) Effectiveness of ginkgo biloba in memory disorders. Journal of Pharmacy Practice12: 217-224.

Maughan RJ, Burke LM, Dvorak J, Larson-Meyer DE, Peeling P, et al. (2018) IOC consensus statement: dietary supplements and the high-performance athlete. British Journal of Sports Medicine 52: 439–455.

Nabi NU (2014) Natural Remedies for Improving Learning and Memory-Review. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Phytopharmacological Research 3: 161-165.

Plecher H (2019) Distribution of the workforce across economic sectors in the United States.

Pranav JC (2013) A review on natural memory enhancers (Nootropics). Unique Journal of Engineering and Advanced Sciences 1: 8-18.

Ramakrishnan KS, Sathya, EktaSajgotra (2017) Efficacy of Brahmi in Cognitive Function – A Comparison between Cerebral Palsy Children and C.V.A Patients. International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology 6: 6945 – 6952.

Rathee P, Chaudhary H, Rathee S, Rathee D (2008) Review Article Natural Memory Boosters. Pharmacognosy Reviews 2: 249-256.

Renata AS (2013) Adolescent Psychosocial, Social, and Cognitive Development. Journal of the American Academy of Paediatrics 34: 354-359.

Russo A, Borelli F (2005) Bacopa monniera, a reputed nootropic plant: An overview. Phytomedicine 12: 305–317.

Sahelian (2000) Mind boosters: a guide to natural supplements that enhance your mind, memory, and mood, St. Martin's Press, New York, pp. 43-52.

Sandal RK, Goel NK, Sharma MK, Bakshi RK, Singh N, Kumar D (2017) Prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress among school going adolescent in Chandigarh. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care 6: 405-410.

Sekar P (1996) Vedic clues to memory enhancer. The Hindu, March 21, 1996.

Sivagurunathan C, Umadevi R, Rama R, Gopalakrishnan S (2015) Adolescent Health: Present Status and Its Related Programmes in India. Are We in the Right Direction? Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research 9: 1-6.

Sternberg RJ(2003) Wisdom, intelligence, and creativity synthesized. Cambridge University Press.

Tagboto S, Townson S (2001) Antiparasitic properties of medicinal plants and other naturally occurring products. Advances in Parasitology 50:199-295. doi: 10.1016/s0065-308x(01)50032-9.

Tiwari S, Singha S, Patwardhan K, Gehlot S, Gambhira IS (2008) Effect of Centellaasiatica on Mild Cognitive Impairment (mci) and other Common Age-related Clinical Problems. Digest Journal of Nanomaterials and Biostructures 3: 215 – 220.

UNFPA (2011) A Profile of Adolescents and Youth in India,

United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, (2019).

Williamson ME (2002) Major Herbs of Ayurveda. Churchill Livingston, London, UK. World Health Organization (2004).

Youth in India (2017) Youth in India, Central Statistics Office Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation Government of India (Social Statistics Division, (2017).

Zion Market Research (2016) Dietary supplements market by ingredients (Botanicals, Vitamins, Minerals, Amino Acids, Enzymes) for additional supplements, medicinal supplements and sports nutrition applications - Global industry perspective, Comprehensive analysis and forecast, (2016-2022).