BIOAVAILABLE FORMS OF HEAVY METALS FROM RICE SAMPLES AND ITS POTENTIAL HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT

Periyasamy  Dhevagi; Ambikapathi  Ramya; Sengottiyan  Priyatharshini; Murugaiyan  Sindhuja; Subramanian  Avudainayagam

doi:10.18006/2021.9(1).25.35

Authors

Periyasamy Dhevagi Department of Environmental Sciences, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641003, India
Ambikapathi Ramya Department of Environmental Sciences, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641003, India
Sengottiyan Priyatharshini Department of Crop Management, Vanavarayar Institute of Agriculture, Pollachi, Tamil Nadu, 642103, India
Murugaiyan Sindhuja Department of Environmental Sciences, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641003, India
Subramanian Avudainayagam Principal, Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Agriculture College, Thuraiyur Road, Permbalur -621212

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18006/2021.9(1).25.35

Keywords:

Polished rice, Heavy metals, Bioaccessibility, Total hazard quotient

Abstract

Food crops grown in contaminated soils have a greater accumulation of heavy metals and the consumption of food crops grown in the contaminated soils are the source of metals that enters into the human body. Rice being a major food crop, the presence of heavy metals should be monitored regularly for reducing health risk. The analysis of total heavy metal always overestimates the content which leads to misinterpretation of results; however, bioaccessible heavy metal analysis projects the actual health risk. Hence, the present study aims to assess the bioavailable form of heavy metals in rice. The rice samples were collected from 20 different places and used for the inherent and bioavailable metal estimation. In vitro simulated digestion method was applied for bioaccessible metal analysis. Metal concentration in polished rice ranged from 0.10 to 0.82, 0.10 to 1.07, 0.11 to 0.56 and 0.23 to 1.09 mg kg^-1for Lead (Pb), Nickel (Ni), Cadmium (Cd) and Chromium (Cr), respectively. Twenty five percent of the samples recorded less than 0.028, 0.01, 0.01, and 0.03 mg kg^-1of bioaccessible Pb, Ni, Cd, and Cr, respectively. A significant negative correlation was observed between total metal concentration and bioaccessibility percentage. Targeted Hazard Quotient (THQ) of all the metals were less than one for adults indicating that there were no health risks, which undoubtedly reveals the importance of bioaccessible metal analysis. Hence, regular monitoring of heavy metals is essential to reduce the intensive accumulation in the human food chain. Also, the present study has opened up a wide scope on human health risk assessment using an in vitro digestion model.

References

Abbas A, Murtaza S, Aslam F, Khawar A, Rafique S, Naheed S (2011) Effect of processing on nutritional value of rice (Oryza sativa). World Journal of Medical Sciences 6(2): 68-73.

Arao T, Ishikawa S, Murakami M, Abe K, Maejima Y, Makino T (2010) Heavy metal contamination of agricultural soil and countermeasures in Japan. Paddy and water Environment 8(3): 247-257.

Bhattacharya P, Samal AC, Majumdar J, Santra SC (2010) Accumulation of arsenic and its distribution in rice plant (Oryza sativa L.) in Gangetic West Bengal, India. Paddy and Water Environment 8(1): 63-70.

Boyd RS (2010) Heavy metal pollutants and chemical ecology: exploring new frontiers. Journal of Chemical Ecology 36(1): 46-58.

Cao Z, Mou R, Cao Z, Lin X, Xu P, Chen Z, Chen M (2017) Nickel in milled rice (Oryza sativa L.) from the three main rice-producing regions in China. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B 10(1): 69-77.

Chandorkar S, Deota P (2013) Heavy metal content of foods and health risk assessment in the study population of Vadodara. Current world environment 8(2): 291.

Chaoua S, Boussaa S, El Gharmali A, Boumezzough A (2019) Impact of irrigation with wastewater on accumulation of heavy metals in soil and crops in the region of Marrakech in Morocco. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences 18(4): 429-436.

Dang HS, Jaiswal DD, Parameswaran M, Deodhar KP, Krishnamony S (1996) Age dependent physical and anatomical Indian data for application in internal dosimetry. Radiation Protection Dosimetry 63(3): 217-222.

Devesa V, Velez D, Montoro R (2008) Effect of thermal treatments on arsenic species contents in food. Food and Chemical Toxicology 46(1): 1-8.

Etikan I, Musa SA, Alkassim, RS (2016) Comparison of convenience sampling and purposive sampling. American journal of theoretical and applied statistics 5(1): 1-4.

Ghuniem MM, Khorshed MA, Khalil MM (2020) Determination of some essential and toxic elements composition of commercial infant formula in the Egyptian market and their contribution to dietary intake of infants. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry 100(5):525-48.

Hang X, Wang H, Zhou J, Ma C, Du C, Chen X (2009) Risk assessment of potentially toxic element pollution in soils and rice (Oryza sativa) in a typical area of the Yangtze River Delta. Environmental pollution 157(8-9): 2542-2549.

Huang CL, Bao LJ, Luo P, Wang ZY, Li SM, Zeng EY (2016) Potential health risk for residents around a typical e-waste recycling zone via inhalation of size-fractionated particle-bound heavy metals. Journal of hazardous materials 317: 449-456.

Ihedioha JN, Ujam OT, Nwuche CO, Ekere NR, Chime CC (2016) Assessment of heavy metal contamination of rice grains (Oryza sativa) and soil from Ada field, Enugu, Nigeria: Estimating the human health risk. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal 22(8): 1665-1677.

Intawongse M, Dean JR (2008) Use of the physiologically-based extraction test to assess the oral bioaccessibility of metals in vegetable plants grown in contaminated soil. Environmental Pollution 152(1): 60-72.

Jorhem L, Åstrand C, Sundström B, Baxter M, Stokes P, Lewis J, Grawe KP (2008) Elements in rice from the Swedish market: 1. Cadmium, lead and arsenic (total and inorganic). Food Additives and Contaminants 25(3): 284-292.

Juhasz AL, Smith E, Weber J, Rees M, Rofe A, Kuchel T, Naidu R (2006) In vivo assessment of arsenic bioavailability in rice and its significance for human health risk assessment. Environmental Health Perspectives 114(12): 1826-1831.

Khairiah J, Azie RR, Habibah J, Zulkifle I, Ismail BS (2013) Heavy metal content of paddy plants in Langkawi, Kedah, Malaysia. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 7(2): 123-127.

Khanam R, Kumar A, Nayak AK, Shahid M, Tripathi R, Vijayakumar S, Bhaduri D, Kumar U, Mohanty S, Panneerselvam P, Chatterjee D (2020) Metal (loid) s (As, Hg, Se, Pb and Cd) in paddy soil: Bioavailability and potential risk to human health. Science of the Total Environment 699:134330.

Kumari M, Kalpana P (2017) Bioaccessibility of trace elements and chromium speciation in commonly consumed cereals and pulses. International Journal of Food Properties 20(7): 1612-1620.

Morekian R, Mirlohi M, Azadbakht L, Maracy MR (2013) Heavy metal distribution frequency in Iranian and imported rice varieties marketed in central Iran, Yazd, 2012. International journal of environmental health engineering 2(1): 36-40

Naseri M, Rahmanikhah Z, Beiygloo V, Ranjbar S (2018) Effects of two cooking methods on the concentrations of some heavy metals (cadmium, lead, chromium, nickel and cobalt) in some rice brands available in Iranian Market. Journal of chemical health risks 4(2): 65-72.

Omar NA, Praveena SM, Aris AZ, Hashim Z (2015) Bioavailability of heavy metal in cooked rice and health risk assessment using in vitro digestion model. International Journal of Basic Science and Applied Research 19: 358-367.

Praveena SM, Omar NA (2017) Heavy metal exposure from cooked rice grain ingestion and its potential health risks to humans from total and bioavailable forms analysis. Food chemistry 235: 203-211.

Rai PK, Tripathi BD (2008) Heavy metals in industrial wastewater, soil and vegetables in Lohta village, India. Toxicological and Environ Chemistry 90(2): 247-257.

Ray DK, West PC, Clark M, Gerber JS, Prishchepov AV, Chatterjee S (2019) Climate change has likely already affected global food production. PloS one 14(5):217148.

Ruby MV, Davis A, Schoof R, Eberle S, Sellstone CM (1996) Estimation of lead and arsenic bioavailability using a physiologically based extraction test. Environmental Science & Technology 30(2): 422-430.

Sandberg AS (2005) Methods and options for in vitro dialyzability benefits and limitations. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 75(6) 395-404.

Satpathy D, Reddy, MV, Dhal SP (2014) Risk assessment of heavy metals contamination in paddy soil, plants, and grains (Oryza sativa L.) at the East Coast of India. BioMed Research International 2014:1-11

Sen Gupta S, Baksi A, Subramanian V, Pradeep T (2016) Cooking-induced corrosion of metals. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 4(9): 4781-4787.

Singh J, Upadhyay SK, Pathak RK, Gupta V (2011) Accumulation of heavy metals in soil and paddy crop (Oryza sativa), irrigated with water of Ramgarh Lake, Gorakhpur, UP, India. Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry 93(3): 462-473.

Singh M, Garg VK, Gautam YP, Kumar A (2014) Soil to grain transfer factors of heavy metals in rice and health risk analysis in the vicinity of Narora Atomic Power Station (NAPS), Narora, India India. Journal of Science Industrial Research 73:181-86.

Solidum J, Dykimching E, Agaceta C (2012) Assessment and Identification of heavy metals in different types of cooked rice available in the Philippine market. 2nd International Conference on Environmental and Agriculture Engineering 37:35-9.

Sun GX, Van de Wiele T, Alava P, Tack F, Du Laing G (2012) Arsenic in cooked rice: effect of chemical, enzymatic and microbial processes on bioaccessibility and speciation in the human gastrointestinal tract. Environmental Pollution 162:241-6.

Sunitha R, Purushothaman G, Alagirisamy B, Santiago M (2015) Chromium contamination in soil and groundwater due to tannery wastes disposals at Vellore district of Tamil Nadu. International Journal of Environmental Sciences 6(1): 114-124.

United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) (2007) Integrated risk information system (IRIS). Database Phidelphia PA. Washington DC, USA.

United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) (2011) Exposure Factors Handbook 2011 Edition (Final); Office of Emergency and Remedial Response: Washington, DC, USA.

United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) (2020) Integrated risk information system (IRIS). https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/iris/search/index.cfm?first_letter=C (accessed August 16, 2020).

USEPA (US Environmental Protection Agency). (1997). Exposure factors handbook. EPA/600/P-95/002Fa-c. vol. I. Office of Research and Development. National Center for Environmental Assessment.US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA.

Versantvoort CH, Oomen AG, Van de Kamp E, Rompelberg CJ, Sips AJ (2005) Applicability of an in vitro digestion model in assessing the bioaccessibility of mycotoxins from food. Food and Chemical Toxicology 43(1): 31-40.

WHO Joint FAO, Expert Committee on Food Additives, World Health Organization. (2004) Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants: sixty-first report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. World Health Organization.

Yang LS, Zhang XW, Li YH, Li HR, Wang Y, Wang WY (2012) Bioaccessibility and risk assessment of cadmium from uncooked rice using an in vitro digestion model. Biological trace element research 145(1): 81-86.

Zhang X, Wang H, He L, Lu K, Sarmah A, Li J, Huang H (2013) Using biochar for remediation of soils contaminated with heavy metals and organic pollutants. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 20(12): 8472-8483.

Zhuang P, Zhang C, Li Y, Zou B, Mo H, Wu K, Li Z (2016) Assessment of influences of cooking on cadmium and arsenic bioaccessibility in rice, using an in vitro physiologically-based extraction test. Food chemistry 213: 206-214.