Heat Pump Drying of Nutmeg Pericarp: Engineering Properties, Drying Kinetics, and Haghi-Angiz-II Modelling for Process Optimisation

Authors

  • Noorbina Razak Department of Processing and Food Engineering, Kelappaji College of Agricultural Engineering and Food Technology, Kerala Agricultural University, Tavanur, Kerala, 679573, India. https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1638-9038
  • M. Varghese Prince Department of Processing and Food Engineering, Kelappaji College of Agricultural Engineering and Food Technology, Kerala Agricultural University, Tavanur, Kerala, 679573, India. https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9347-2739
  • Vaisakh Venu Department of Basic Engineering and Applied Sciences, Kelappaji College of Agricultural Engineering and Food Technology, Kerala Agricultural University, Tavanur, Kerala, 679573, India. https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6459-4004
  • Ann Annie Shaju Department of Processing and Food Engineering, Kelappaji College of Agricultural Engineering and Food Technology, Kerala Agricultural University, Tavanur, Kerala, 679573, India. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2850-0061
  • G. K. Rajesh Department of Processing and Food Engineering, Kelappaji College of Agricultural Engineering and Food Technology, Kerala Agricultural University, Tavanur, Kerala, 679573, India. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1888-7650
  • R. Sreeja Department of Processing and Food Engineering, Kelappaji College of Agricultural Engineering and Food Technology, Kerala Agricultural University, Tavanur, Kerala, 679573, India. https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8214-630X
  • Lilia Baby Department of Community Science, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Malappuram, Kerala, 679573, India. https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5635-4631

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18006/2025.13(1).116.124

Keywords:

Nutmeg pericarp, Heat pump drying, Drying kinetics, Mathematical modelling, R studio, Haghi and Angiz-II modelling, Moisture diffusivity

Abstract

This study investigates the engineering properties of nutmeg pericarp and develops a mathematical model to describe its drying behavior in a heat pump dryer. Nutmeg pericarp, an underutilized part of the nutmeg fruit, is a rich source of phytochemicals but is highly perishable, necessitating immediate postharvest drying for further processing. Drying experiments were conducted at a controlled temperature of 55°C and a relative humidity of 37%. Regression modeling was used to analyze the drying kinetics, utilizing MATLAB R2020a and R Studio software. Various statistical metrics, including the coefficient of determination (R²), adjusted R², and root mean square error (RMSE), were evaluated to determine the predictive accuracy of different thin-layer drying models. Among the models assessed, the Haghi and Angiz-II model best fit the experimental data, achieving the highest R² value of 0.999. A scatter plot comparing the experimental and predicted moisture ratios further confirmed the reliability of this model. The effective moisture diffusivity ranged from 2.1 × 10⁻⁸ to 9.08 × 10⁻⁸ m²/s. Additionally, the quality assessment indicates that heat pump drying positively influences the key quality attributes of nutmeg pericarp.

Author Biographies

Noorbina Razak, Department of Processing and Food Engineering, Kelappaji College of Agricultural Engineering and Food Technology, Kerala Agricultural University, Tavanur, Kerala, 679573, India.

Department of Processing and Food Engineering, Kelappaji College of Agricultural Engineering and Food Technology, Kerala Agricultural University, Tavanur, Kerala, 679573, India.

M. Varghese Prince, Department of Processing and Food Engineering, Kelappaji College of Agricultural Engineering and Food Technology, Kerala Agricultural University, Tavanur, Kerala, 679573, India.

Department of Processing and Food Engineering, Kelappaji College of Agricultural Engineering and Food Technology, Kerala Agricultural University, Tavanur, Kerala, 679573, India.

Vaisakh Venu, Department of Basic Engineering and Applied Sciences, Kelappaji College of Agricultural Engineering and Food Technology, Kerala Agricultural University, Tavanur, Kerala, 679573, India.

Department of Basic Engineering and Applied Sciences, Kelappaji College of Agricultural Engineering and Food Technology, Kerala Agricultural University, Tavanur, Kerala, 679573, India.

Ann Annie Shaju, Department of Processing and Food Engineering, Kelappaji College of Agricultural Engineering and Food Technology, Kerala Agricultural University, Tavanur, Kerala, 679573, India.

Department of Processing and Food Engineering, Kelappaji College of Agricultural Engineering and Food Technology, Kerala Agricultural University, Tavanur, Kerala, 679573, India.

G. K. Rajesh, Department of Processing and Food Engineering, Kelappaji College of Agricultural Engineering and Food Technology, Kerala Agricultural University, Tavanur, Kerala, 679573, India.

Department of Processing and Food Engineering, Kelappaji College of Agricultural Engineering and Food Technology, Kerala Agricultural University, Tavanur, Kerala, 679573, India.

R. Sreeja, Department of Processing and Food Engineering, Kelappaji College of Agricultural Engineering and Food Technology, Kerala Agricultural University, Tavanur, Kerala, 679573, India.

Department of Processing and Food Engineering, Kelappaji College of Agricultural Engineering and Food Technology, Kerala Agricultural University, Tavanur, Kerala, 679573, India.

Lilia Baby, Department of Community Science, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Malappuram, Kerala, 679573, India.

Department of Community Science, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Malappuram, Kerala, 679573, India.

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Published

2025-03-05

How to Cite

Razak, N., Prince, M. V., Venu, V., Shaju, A. A., Rajesh, G. K., Sreeja, R., & Baby, L. (2025). Heat Pump Drying of Nutmeg Pericarp: Engineering Properties, Drying Kinetics, and Haghi-Angiz-II Modelling for Process Optimisation. Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences, 13(1), 116–124. https://doi.org/10.18006/2025.13(1).116.124

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RESEARCH ARTICLES

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