Effects of Rauwolfia serpentina L. Benth. ex Kurz (Serpentina) and  Costus igneus Nak. (Insulin plant) leaves crude extracts on the blood glucose levels of  alloxan induced albino rats

Gladys  Fauni-Guirre; Johnny A.  Ching

doi:10.18006/2022.10(1).83.89

Authors

Gladys Fauni-Guirre Gen. Juan Castañeda Senior High School, Anabu II-A, City of Imus, Cavite, Philippines
Johnny A. Ching College of Science and Computer Studies Graduate Studies,De La Salle University Dasmariñas, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite, Philippines

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18006/2022.10(1).83.89

Keywords:

Diabetes, Hypoglycemia, Phytochemicals, Insulin, Dietary supplement, Oxidative stress

Abstract

The prevalence of treatment failures from dietary patterns and oral medications associated with diabetes have generated adverse effects and are oftentimes expensive. Recently, food-based therapies such as Rauwolfia serpentina (serpentina) and Costus igneus (insulin plant) have been received much attention due to the urge for an alternative and safe solution against diabetes. Thus, the hypoglycemic effects of serpentina and insulin plant leaf crude extracts were determined on the blood glucose level of test rats. Twenty-four alloxan-induced male albino rats were subjected to this experimental study distributed into six groups in a completely randomized design. The negative control (NEG) comprised of diabetic rats receiving no treatment; while the positive control (MET) comprised of diabetic rats treated with metformin; experimental groups include IN1X and IN2X for the diabetic rats treated with extracts of insulin plant leaves administered once and twice daily and SER1X and SER2X for the diabetic rats treated with extracts of serpentina leaves administered once and twice daily. Results of the study revealed that both serpentina and insulin plant leaves crude extract demonstrated hypoglycemic effects due to the presence of zinc that potentiated insulin action. Further, the insulin plant improved glucose and insulin levels due to quercetin which reduced oxidative stress and protects DNA damage, β-amyrin and β-L-arabinose methyl glucoside which builds-up insulin for glucose metabolism. The presence of significant phytochemical contents in the insulin plant has been attributed to the stimulation of β cells. In conclusion, insulin plant leaf crude extract elucidated better hypoglycemic activity than the serpentina plant leaf crude extract in the blood glucose levels of alloxan-induced diabetic rats.

References

Akbar, S. (2011). Andrographis paniculata: A review of pharmacological activities and clinical effects. Alternative Medical Review, 16 (1), 66-77.

Annadurai, R., Jayakumar, V., Mugasimangalam, R., & Katta, M. (2012). Next generation sequencing and de novo transcriptome analysis of Costus pictus D. Don, anon-model plant with potent anti-diabetic properties. Biomed Central Genomics, 663(13), 2-13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-13-663

Aruna, A., Nandhini, R., Karthikeyan, V., & Bose, P. (2014). Synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles of insulin plant (Costus pictus D.Don) leaves. Asian Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4(34), 1-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15272/ajbps.v4i34.523

Ashwini, S., Bobby, Z., Joseph, M., Jacob, S., & Padmapriya, R. (2015). Insulin plant (Costus pictus) extract improves insulin sensitivity and ameliorates atherogenic dyslipidaemia in fructose induced insulin resistant rats: molecular mechanism. Journal of Functional Foods, 17, 749-760. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2015.06.024

Azmi, M., & Qureshi, S. (2016). Rauwolfia serpentina improves altered glucose and lipid homeostasis in fructose-induced type 2 diabetic mice. Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Science, 29 (5), 1629-1624.

Azmi, M., Quereshi, S., Rais, S., & Sultana, S. (2015). Methanolic root extract of Rauwolfia serpentina lowers atherogenicdyslipidemia, atherosclerosis and glysylation indices in type 1 diabetic mice. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 5(8), 61-67. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7324/JAPS.2015.50810

Cheng, A., & Fantus, I. (2005). Oral antihyperglycemic therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Canadian Medicine Association Journal, 172, 213-226. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.1031414

Dragan, S., Andrica, F., Serbian, M., & Timar, R. (2015). Polyphenols rich natural products for treatment of diabetes. Current Medicinal Chemistry, 22 (1), 214-221. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2174/0929867321666140826115422

Emordi, J., Agbaje, E., Oreagba, I., & Iribhogbe, O. (2016). Antidiabetic and hypolipidemic activities of hydroethanolic root extract of Uvaria chamae in streptozotocin-induced diabetic albino rats. Biomed Central Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 16(1), 468. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-016-1450-0

George, A., Thankamma, A., Devi, V., & Fernandez, A. (2007). Phytochemical investigation of insulin plant (Costuspictus). Asian Journal of Chemistry, 19 (5): 3427-3430.

Gireesh, G., Thomas, S., Joseph, B., & Paulose, C. (2009). Antihyperglycemic and insulin secretory activity of Costus pictus leaf extract in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats and in in-vitro pancreatic islet culture. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 123, 470-474. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2009.03.026

Hanhineva, K., Torronen, R., Bondia-Pons, I., Pekkinen, J., et al. (2010) Impact of dietary polyphenols on carbohydrate metabolism. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 11(4), 1365-1402. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms11041365

Helal, E., Abd El-Wahab, S., Refaey, H., & Mohammad, A.A. (2013). Antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effect of Balanites aegyptiaca seeds (aqueous extract) on diabetic rats. The Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine, 52, 725-739. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12816/0000610

Hoque, N., Imam, Z.M., Akter, D., Mazumber, M., et al. (2011). Antioxidant and antihyperglycemic activities of methanolic extract of Glinus oppositifolius leaves. Journal of Applied Pharmacology Sciences, 1 (7), 50-53.

Joshi, B., Munot, H., Hardikar, M., & Kulkarni, A. (2013). Orally active hypoglycemic protein from Costusigneus: An in vitro and in vivo study. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 436, 278-282. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.05.093

Kazeem, M., Akanji, M., & Yakubu, M. (2015). Amelioration of pancreatic and renal derangements in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats by polyphenols extract of ginger (Zingiber officinale) rhizome. Pathophysiology, 22, 203-209. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pathophys.2015.08.004

Kumar, A., Dora, J., Sing, A., & Tripathi, R. (2012). A review on king of bitter (kalmegh). International Journal of Research, Pharmacology and Chemistry, 2(1), 116-124.

Lee, Y., Kim, W., Kim, K., Yoon, M., et al. (2006)Berberine, a natural plant product, activates AMP-Activated protein kinase with beneficial metabolic effects in diabetic and insulin-resistant states. Diabetes, 55, 8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2337/db06-0006

Leverge, X.M., Guigas, B., Detaille, D., Batandier, C., et al. (2003) Mitochondrial metabolism and type 2 diabetes: a specific target of metformin. Diabetes metabolism, 29(6), 88-94. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1262-3636(03)72792-X

Mahmoud, M., El-Ashry, F.E., El-Maraghy, N., & Fahmy, A. (2017). Studies on the antidiabetic activities of Momordica charantia fruit juice in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Pharmaceutical Biology, 55(1), 758-765. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13880209.2016.1275026

Malviya, A., & Sason, R. (2016). The phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Serpaganda: Rauwolfia serpentina. International Journal of Research in Ayush and Allied Systems, 3(1), 473-478.

Nicolas, K.M., Visaya, K., & Cauinian, E. (2016). Blood glucose and cholesterol levels in alloxan-induced diabetic mice after oral administration of serpentine (Andrographis paniculata) and papait

(Mollugo oppositifolia) aqueous extracts. Philippine Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 42(2), 112-119

Ojo, A., Adanlawo, I., & Ojo, O. (2016). Ameliorative potentials of saponins from Helianthus annus roots on hepatoprotective and some kidney function indices of alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Journal of Pharmacology, 3, 73-79.

Pathania, S., Randhawa, V., & Bagler, G. (2013). Prospecting for novel plant-derived molecules of Rauwolfia serpentina as inhibitors of aldose reductase, apotent drug target for diabetes and its complications. PLOS ONE, 8(4), e61327. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.00613278: e61327. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0061327

Pitchai, D., Manikkam, R., Rajendran, S., & Pitchai, G. (2010). Database on pharmacophore analysis of active principles from medicinal plants. Bioinformation, 5, 43-45. DOI: https://doi.org/10.6026/9732063000543

Qinna, N.A., & Badwan, A. (2015). Impact of streptozotocin on altering normal glucosehomeostasis during insulin testing in diabetic rats compared tonormoglycemic rats. Drug Design Development and Therapy, 9, 2515-2525. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S79885

Ramadan, B., Schaalan, M., & Tolba, A. (2017). Hypoglycemic and pancreatic protective effects of Portulaca oleracea extract in all oxan-induced diabetic rats. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 17, 37. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-016-1530-1

Rohilla, R., & Ali, S. (2012). Alloxan-induced diabetes: mechanism and effects. International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Science, 3, 819-820.

Saenz, A., Fernandez-Esteban, I., Matai, A., Ausejo, M., Roque, M., & Moher, D. (2005). Metformin monotheraphy for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane database system review, 20, CD002966. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002966.pub3

Shetty, A., Choudhury, D., Nair, V., Kuruvilla, M., & Kotian, S. (2010). Effect of insulin plant (Costus igneus) leaves on dexamethasone-induced hyperglycemia. International Journal of Ayurveda Research, 1(2), 101-102. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-7788.64396

Use of Experimental Animals (2002). Available at https://web.jhu.edu/animalcare/UpdatedBlueBookNoDrugFormulary.pdf access on 29th April 2021.