HPLC based Phytochemicals Analysis of Phyllanthus emblica (Indian Gooseberry/Amla): A mini Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18006/2024.12(2).266.273Keywords:
Amla, Phyllanthus emblica, Phytochemicals, Hepatic diseases, Medicinal plantsAbstract
High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) is an analytical tool extensively used for the scientific analysis of components in a mixture. Several reports attribute its high analytical potential to bioactive components from different medicinal plants. Hepatic disorders, which have been a major threat to public health for decades, affect cells, tissues, structure, or liver function. The damage caused by this can be triggered by biological causes, autoimmune diseases, excessive alcohol consumption, or the action of different compounds, for instance, few medicines. Phyllanthus emblica Linn. is a therapeutic plant that has been used to treat liver disorders in Asia for many decades now. It is mentioned in the Ayurvedic scriptures for its medicinal value. This review focuses on the intricacies of HPLC-based extraction and analysis of medicinally important phytochemicals, notably for hepatic disorders from the P. emblica plant. This will be useful for future phytochemical analysts working with medicinal plants.
References
Akhtar, M. S., Ramzan, A., Ali, A., & Ahmad, M. (2011). Effect of Amla fruit (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.) on blood glucose and lipid profile of normal subjects and type 2 diabetic patients. International journal of food sciences and nutrition, 62(6), 609-616. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3109/09637486.2011.560565
Anilakumar, K. R., Nagaraj, N. S., & Santhanam, K. (2007). Reduction of hexachlorocyclohexane-induced oxidative stress and cytotoxicity in rat liver by Emblica officinalis gaertn. Indian journal of experimental biology, 45(5), 450–454.
Asrani, S. K., Devarbhavi, H., Eaton, J., & Kamath, P. S. (2019). Burden of liver diseases in the world. Journal of hepatology, 70(1), 151–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2018.09.014 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2018.09.014
Balasubramanian, S., Ganesh, D., Panchal, P., Teimouri, M., & Surya Narayana, V. V. S. (2014) GC–MS analysis of phytocomponents in the methanolic extract of Emblica officinalis Gaertn (Indian Gooseberry). Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 6(6):843-845.
Balusamy, S. R., Veerappan, K., Ranjan, A., Kim, Y. J., Chellappan, D. K., Dua, K., Lee, J., & Perumalsamy, H. (2020). Phyllanthus emblica fruit extract attenuates lipid metabolism in 3T3-L1 adipocytes via activating apoptosis mediated cell death. Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology, 66, 153129. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.phymed.2019.153129 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2019.153129
Bashar, S. M., Elhadidy, M. G., Mostafa, A. F., Hamed, B., Helmy, S., & Abd-Elmoniem, H. A. (2021). Hepatoprotective effect of gallic acid against type 2-induced diabetic liver injury in male rats through modulation of fetuin-A and GLP-1 with involvement of ERK1/2/NF-κB and Wnt1/β-catenin signaling pathways. General physiology and biophysics, 40(3), 221–234. https://doi.org/10.4149/gpb_2021005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4149/gpb_2021005
Dey, T.B., Chakraborty, S., Jain, K.K., Sharma, A., & Kuhad, R.C. (2016). Antioxidant phenolics and their microbial production by submerged and solid state fermentation process: A review. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 53, 60-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2016.04.007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2016.04.007
Dhalwal, K., Biradar, Y. S., & Rajani, M. (2006). High-performance thin-layer chromatography densitometric method for simultaneous quantitation of phyllanthin, hypophyllanthin, gallic acid, and ellagic acid in Phyllanthus amarus. Journal of AOAC International, 89(3), 619–623. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/89.3.619
Esmaeilzadeh, M., Heidarian, E., Shaghaghi, M., Roshanmehr, H., Najafi, M., Moradi, A., & Nouri, A. (2020). Gallic acid mitigates diclofenac-induced liver toxicity by modulating oxidative stress and suppressing IL-1β gene expression in male rats. Pharmaceutical biology, 58(1), 590–596. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 13880209.2020.1777169 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13880209.2020.1777169
Fabbrini, E., Sullivan, S., & Klein, S. (2010). Obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: biochemical, metabolic, and clinical implications. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.), 51(2), 679–689. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.23280 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.23280
Gaire, B. P., & Subedi, L. (2014). Phytochemistry, pharmacology and medicinal properties of Phyllanthus emblica Linn. Chinese journal of integrative medicine. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11655-014-1984-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11655-014-1984-2
Gantait, S., Mahanta, M., Bera, S., & Verma, S. K. (2021). Advances in biotechnology of Emblica officinalis Gaertn. syn. Phyllanthus emblica L.: a nutraceuticals-rich fruit tree with multifaceted ethnomedicinal uses. 3Biotech,11(2),62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-020-02615-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-020-02615-5
Girish, C., Koner, B. C., Jayanthi, S., Ramachandra Rao, K., Rajesh, B., & Pradhan, S. C. (2009). Hepatoprotective activity of picroliv, curcumin and ellagic acid compared to silymarin on paracetamol induced liver toxicity in mice. Fundamental & clinical pharmacology, 23(6), 735–745. https://doi.org/10.1111/ j.1472-8206.2009.00722.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-8206.2009.00722.x
Gupta, J., Gupta, A., & Gupta, A. K. (2014). Studies on the chemical constituents of leaves of Phyllanthus emblica (L). Oriental Journal of Chemistry, 30(4) 2069–2071. DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojc/300474. DOI: https://doi.org/10.13005/ojc/300474
Habib-ur-Rehman, Yasin, K. A., Choudhary, M. A., Khaliq, N., Atta-ur-Rahman, Choudhary, M. I., & Malik, S. (2007). Studies on the chemical constituents of Phyllanthus emblica. Natural product research, 21(9), 775–781. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 14786410601124664 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14786410601124664
Haddock, E.A., Gupta, R.K., Al-Shafi, S.M., Haslam, E., & Magnolato, D. (1982) The metabolism of gallic acid and hexahydroxydiphenic acid in plants. Part 1. Introduction. Naturally occurring galloyl esters. Journal of the Chemical Society, 1, 2515-2524.. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/p19820002515
Huang, C. Y., Chang, Y. J., Wei, P. L., Hung, C. S., & Wang, W. (2021). Methyl gallate, gallic acid-derived compound, inhibit cell proliferation through increasing ROS production and apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. PloS one, 16(3), e0248521. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248521 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248521
Kaleem, Q. M., Akhtar, M., Awais, M. M., Saleem, M., Zafar, M., Iqbal, Z., Muhammad, F., & Anwar, M. I. (2014). Studies on Emblica officinalis derived tannins for their immunostimulatory and protective activities against coccidiosis in industrial broiler chickens. The Scientific World Journal, 2014, 378473. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/378473 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/378473
Kang, E. H., Kown, T. Y., Oh, G. T., Park, W. F., Park, S. I., Park, S. K., & Lee, Y. I. (2006). The flavonoid ellagic acid from a medicinal herb inhibits host immune tolerance induced by the hepatitis B virus-e antigen. Antiviral research, 72(2), 100–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2006.04.006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2006.04.006
Kanter, M. (2010). Protective effect of Quercetin on liver damage induced by biliary obstruction in rats. Journal of molecular histology, 41(6), 395–402. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10735-010-9301-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10735-010-9301-7
Kapoor, L. D. (2000). Handbook of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants. Herbal Reference Library, CRC Press.
Karimi, M. Y., Fatemi, I., Kalantari, H., Mombeini, M. A., Mehrzadi, S., & Goudarzi, M. (2020). Ellagic Acid Prevents Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Histopathological Alterations in Acrylamide-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Wistar Rats. Journal of dietary supplements, 17(6), 651–662. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 19390211.2019.1634175 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19390211.2019.1634175
Khan, K. H. (2009). Role of Emblica officinalis in Medicine - A Review. Botany Research International, 2(4),218–228.
Kinoshita, S., Inoue, Y., Nakama, S., Ichiba, T., & Aniya, Y. (2007). Antioxidant and hepatoprotective actions of medicinal herb, Terminalia catappa L. from Okinawa Island and its tannin corilagin. Phytomedicine, 14(11), 755–762. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.phymed.2006.12.012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2006.12.012
Koo, Y. C., Pyo, M. C., Nam, M. H., Hong, C. O., Yang, S. Y., & Lee, K. W. (2016). Chebulic acid prevents hepatic fibrosis induced by advanced glycation end-products in LX-2 cell by modulating Nrf2 translocation via ERK pathway. Toxicology in vitro, 34, 8–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2016.03.013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2016.03.013
Krishnaveni, M., & Mirunalini, S. (2010). Therapeutic potential of Phyllanthus emblica (Amla): the ayurvedic wonder. Journal of basic and clinical physiology and pharmacology, 21(1), 93–105. https://doi.org/10.1515/jbcpp.2010.21.1.93 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/JBCPP.2010.21.1.93
Kumar, K.P.S., Bhowmik, D., Dutta, A., Yadav, A. P., Paswan, S., Srivastava, S., & Deb, L. (2012). Recent Trends In Potential Traditional Indian Herbs Emblica Officinalis and Its Medicinal Importance. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry ,1(1), 24-32.
Lee, H. S., Jung, S. H., Yun, B. S., & Lee, K. W. (2007). Isolation of chebulic acid from Terminalia chebula Retz. and its antioxidant effect in isolated rat hepatocytes. Archives of toxicology, 81(3), 211–218. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-006-0139-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-006-0139-4
Lin, M. K., Yu, Y. L., Chen, K. C., Chang, W. T., Lee, M. S., et al. (2011). Kaempferol from Semen cuscutae attenuates the immune function of dendritic cells. Immunobiology, 216(10), 1103–1109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imbio.2011.05.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imbio.2011.05.002
Liu, X., Zhao, M., Wang, J., Yang, B., & Jiang, Y. (2008). Antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of emblica fruit (Phyllanthus emblica L.) from six regions in China. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 21(3), 219–228. doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2007.10.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2007.10.001
Middha, S. K., Goyal, A. K., Lokesh, P., Yardi, V., Mojamdar, L., Keni, D. S., Babu, D., & Usha, T. (2015). Toxicological Evaluation of Emblica officinalis Fruit Extract and its Antiinflammatory and Free Radical Scavenging Properties. Pharmacognosy magazine, 11(Suppl 3), S427–S433. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-1296.168982 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-1296.168982
Mishra, P., & Mahanta, C. (2014). Comparative Analysis of Functional and Nutritive Values of Amla (Emblica officinalis) Fruit, Seed and Seed Coat Powder. American Journal of Food Technology, 9, 151-161. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3923/ajft.2014.151.161
Muthuraman, A., Sood, S., & Singla, S. K. (2011). The antiinflammatory potential of phenolic compounds from Emblica officinalis L. in rat. Inflammopharmacology, 19(6), 327–334. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-010-0041-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-010-0041-9
Payyappallimana, U. (2009) Role of Traditional Medicine in Primary Health Care: An Overview of Perspectives and Challenges. Yokohama Journal of Social Sciences, 14, 57-77
Poltanov, E. A., Shikov, A. N., Dorman, H. J., Pozharitskaya, O. N., Makarov, V. G., Tikhonov, V. P., & Hiltunen, R. (2009). Chemical and antioxidant evaluation of Indian gooseberry (Emblica officinalis Gaertn., syn. Phyllanthus emblica L.) supplements. Phytotherapy research, 23(9), 1309–1315. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2775 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2775
Pramyothin, P., Samosorn, P., Poungshompoo, S., & Chaichantipyuth, C. (2006). The protective effects of Phyllanthus emblica Linn. extract on ethanol induced rat hepatic injury. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 107(3), 361–364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2006.03.035 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2006.03.035
Reddy, V. D., Padmavathi, P., & Varadacharyulu, N. C.h. (2009a). Emblica officinalis protects against alcohol-induced liver mitochondrial dysfunction in rats. Journal of medicinal food, 12(2), 327–333. https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2007.0694 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2007.0694
Reddy, V. D., Padmavathi, P., Paramahamsa, M., & Varadacharyulu, N. C.h. (2009b). Modulatory role of Emblica officinalis against alcohol induced biochemical and biophysical changes in rat erythrocyte membranes. Food and chemical toxicology, 47(8), 1958–1963. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2009.05.014 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2009.05.014
Reddy, V. D., Padmavathi, P., Paramahamsa, M., & Varadacharyulu, N. C.h. (2010a). Amelioration of alcohol-induced oxidative stress by Emblica officinalis (Amla) in rats. Indian journal of biochemistry & biophysics, 47(1), 20–25.
Reddy, V.D., Padmavathi, P., Gopi, S., Paramahamsa, M., & Varadacharyulu, N. C.H (2010b). Protective Effect of Emblica officinalis Against Alcohol-Induced Hepatic Injury by Ameliorating Oxidative Stress in Rats. Indian journal of clinical biochemistry, 25(4), 419–424. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12291-010-0058-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12291-010-0058-2
Ren, J., Lu, Y., Qian, Y., Chen, B., Wu, T., & Ji, G. (2019). Recent progress regarding kaempferol for the treatment of various diseases. Experimental and therapeutic medicine, 18(4), 2759–2776. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2019.7886 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2019.7886
Reyes-Farias, M., & Carrasco-Pozo, C. (2019). The Anti-Cancer Effect of Quercetin: Molecular Implications in Cancer Metabolism. International journal of molecular sciences, 20(13), 3177. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20133177 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20133177
Rose, K., Wan, C., Thomas, A., Seeram, N.P., & Ma, H. (2018) Phenolic Compounds Isolated and Identified from Amla (Phyllanthus emblica) Juice Powder and their Antioxidant and Neuroprotective Activities. Natural Product Communications. 13(10). doi:10.1177/1934578X1801301019 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578X1801301019
Sanjay, S., Girish, C., Toi, P. C., & Bobby, Z. (2021). Gallic acid attenuates isoniazid and rifampicin-induced liver injury by improving hepatic redox homeostasis through influence on Nrf2 and NF-κB signalling cascades in Wistar Rats. The Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology, 73(4), 473–486. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpp/rgaa048 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jpp/rgaa048
Sharma, A., Sharma, M. K., & Kumar, M. (2009). Modulatory role of Emblica officinalis fruit extract against arsenic induced oxidative stress in Swiss albino mice. Chemico-biological interactions, 180(1), 20–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2009.01.012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2009.01.012
Shu, J., Chou, G., & Wang, Z. (2010). One new galloyl glycoside from fresh leaves of Psidium guajava L. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 45, 334-337
Siddiqui, H.H. (1993) Safety of herbal drugs-An overview. Drugs News & Views, 1(2), 7–10
Singh, M. K., Yadav, S. S., Yadav, R. S., Chauhan, A., Katiyar, D., & Khattri, S. (2015). Protective effect of Emblica-officinalis in arsenic induced biochemical alteration and inflammation in mice. SpringerPlus, 4, 438. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-015-1227-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-015-1227-9
Singla, P., Bardoloi, A., & Parkash, A. A. (2010). Metabolic effects of obesity: A review. World journal of diabetes, 1(3), 76–88. https://doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v1.i3.76 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v1.i3.76
Surh Y. J. (2002). Anti-tumor promoting potential of selected spice ingredients with antioxidative and antiinflammatory activities: a short review. Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association, 40(8), 1091–1097. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0278-6915(02)00037-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-6915(02)00037-6
Tripathi, A. K., Verma, R. K., Gupta, A. K., Gupta, M. M., & Khanuja, S. P. (2006). Quantitative determination of phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin in Phyllanthus species by high-performance thin layer chromatography. Phytochemical analysis, 17(6), 394–397. https://doi.org/10.1002/pca.936 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/pca.936
Variya, B. C., Bakrania, A. K., & Patel, S. S. (2016). Emblica officinalis (Amla): A review for its phytochemistry, ethnomedicinal uses and medicinal potentials with respect to molecular mechanisms. Pharmacological research, 111, 180–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2016.06.013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2016.06.013
Yan, H., Han, L. R., Zhang, X., & Feng, J. T. (2017). Two new Anti-TMV active chalconoid analogues from the root of Phyllanthus emblica. Natural product research, 31(18), 2143–2148. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2017.1280487 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2017.1280487
Yang, B., & Liu, P. (2014). Composition and biological activities of hydrolyzable tannins of fruits of Phyllanthus emblica. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 62(3), 529–541. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf404703k DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/jf404703k
Yang, B., Kortesniemi, M., Liu, P., Karonen, M., & Salminen, J. P. (2012). Analysis of hydrolyzable tannins and other phenolic
compounds in emblic leafflower (Phyllanthus emblica L.) fruits by high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 60(35), 8672–8683. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf302925v DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/jf302925v
Yugarani, T., Tan, B. K., & Das, N. P. (1993). The effects of tannic acid on serum and liver lipids of RAIF and RICO rats fed on high fat diet. Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Comparative physiology, 104(2), 339–343. https://doi.org/10.1016/ 0300-9629(93)90326-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0300-9629(93)90326-Y
Zhang, Y. J., Tanaka, T., Yang, C. R., & Kouno, I. (2001). New phenolic constituents from the fruit juice of Phyllanthus emblica. Chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin, 49(5), 537–540. https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.49.537 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.49.537
Zhu, X., Wang, J., Ou, Y., Han, W., & Li, H. (2013). Polyphenol extract of Phyllanthus emblica (PEEP) induces inhibition of cell proliferation and triggers apoptosis in cervical cancer cells. European journal of medical research, 18(1), 46. https://doi.org/10.1186/2047-783X-18-46 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2047-783X-18-46
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.