Sources, blood concentrations, and approaches for reducing exposure to lead: A critical appraisal on lead poisoning

Ruhul Amin; Faruk Alam; Biplab Kumar Dey; Ronald Darwin; Shajed Ali Ahmed; Chandrashekar Thalluri; Kuldeep Dhama; Sandip Chakraborty; Deepak Chandran; Jithendar Reddy Mandhadi

doi:10.18006/2023.11(3).506.519

Authors

Ruhul Amin Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Assam down town University, Panikhaiti, Gandhinagar, Guwahati, Assam-781026, India https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5329-8152
Faruk Alam Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Assam down town University, Panikhaiti, Gandhinagar, Guwahati, Assam-781026, India https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5268-3171
Biplab Kumar Dey Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Assam down town University, Panikhaiti, Gandhinagar, Guwahati, Assam-781026, India https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9672-3478
Ronald Darwin School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vels Institute of Science Technology & Advanced Studies, Chennai - 600 11, India https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2731-8196
Shajed Ali Ahmed Department of zoology, Assam Brilliant Academy, Simlaguri, Assam, India https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5419-8215
Chandrashekar Thalluri Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Assam down town University, Panikhaiti, Gandhinagar, Guwahati, Assam-781026, India https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8859-8315
Kuldeep Dhama Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7469-4752
Sandip Chakraborty Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, R.K. Nagar, West Tripura, Tripura, Pin 799008, India https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2792-3281
Deepak Chandran Department of Animal Husbandry, Government of Kerala, India https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9873-6969
Jithendar Reddy Mandhadi Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Assam down town University, Panikhaiti, Gandhinagar, Guwahati, Assam-781026, India https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4854-9452

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18006/2023.11(3).506.519

Keywords:

Lead, Sources of exposure, Ayurvedic preparations, Workplace exposure, Lead poisoning, EDTA, Amelioration

Abstract

Lead, a non-essential metal, enters the body in various ways, making it a major public health issue. Painters and smelters report lead poisoning in children and staff. Mining and battery workers risk lead exposure. Traditional and cultural remedies may include dangerous quantities of lead, producing lead poisoning. These drugs must be properly understood and regulated to avoid toxicity. Lead poisoning symptoms vary by duration and severity. Lead first impairs cognition, development, and behaviour by damaging the neural system. Time degrades reproductive and haematological systems. Lead's quiet entry into the body makes it deadly. Acute lead nephropathy damages kidneys at 100mg/dL. Lead levels exceeding 150mg/dL may induce encephalopathy. Blood lead levels indicate lead poisoning severity. Lead levels over 10g/dL in children and 40g/dL in adults are hazardous. Lead toxicity affects various organs. Lead may induce hypertension and cardiovascular disease. It may also cause chronic kidney disease and renal failure. Lead exposure may impede fertility, cause miscarriages, and alter foetal development; hence the reproductive system is vulnerable. Symptoms and lead levels may be treated with different approaches. Lead chelation treatment is frequent. Other vitamins and medications may enhance organ function and treat lead poisoning. Lead poisoning prevention requires widespread awareness. Strict standards and education regarding lead-contaminated products and conventional remedies should reduce occupational lead exposure. Regular blood lead level monitoring, especially in youngsters and lead workers, may help detect and treat lead poisoning early. Lead poisoning has serious health consequences. Understanding lead exposure pathways, identifying symptoms, and preventing lead poisoning is essential to public health and organ system protection.

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