Effect of the Nucleotide and Turmeric Extract Supplementation and different Cage Floors on the Blood Profile and Physiological Status of Broiler Chicken
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18006/2023.11(4).696.706Keywords:
Bursa Fabricius Index, Respiratory Rate, Pulse Rate, Thermoregulation, Nucleotide, Tumeric extractAbstract
Climate change has been responsible for the high prevalence of heat stress (HS) among broiler chickens. In this research, efforts are made to curb the negative impact of HS on chickens by modifying the feed and cage floor. The blood profile and physiological responses of broiler chickens supplemented with nucleotide and turmeric powder and kept in different floor cages were recorded (litter, slatted, and combination of slat-litter). A total of 245 broiler day-old chicks (DOC) were randomly allotted to seven treatment groups of the combined supplementation of nucleotide and turmeric extract and different types of cage floor (litter, slate, combination of slat-litter) for 35-day maintenance. Each treatment was replicated five times. The supplementation of nucleotide and turmeric extract into feed and different types of cage floor did not significantly affect (P>0.05) body temperature, respiratory rate, pulse rate, lien index, PVC, TPP, heterophils, lymphocyte, and monocyte, but significantly affected (P<0.05) the erythrocyte level, hemoglobin, leukocyte, rectal temperature and the index of bursa fabricius of broilers. Results of this study concluded that the combined treatments of supplementing nucleotide and turmeric extract in feed and using slat-floored cages tend to reduce the comfort of broiler chickens.
References
Adedokun, S. A., & Olojede, O. C. (2019). Optimizing gastrointestinal integrity in poultry: The role of nutrients and feed additives. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 5, (348), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2018.00348 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2018.00348
Adler, C., Tiemann, I., Hillemacher, S., Schmithausen, A. J., Müller, U., Heitmann, S., Spindler, B., Kemper, N., & Büscher, W. (2020). Effects of a partially perforated flooring system on animal-based welfare indicators in broiler housing. Poultry Science, 99(7), 3343–3354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2020.04.008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2020.04.008
Aldiyanti, A., Tugiyanti, E., & Hartoyo, B. (2022). Blood profile and carcass production of broiler chickens given nucleotides and turmeric extract in feed. Buletin Peternakan, 46(4), 235-242. https://doi.org/10.21059/buletinpeternak.v46i4.76789 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21059/buletinpeternak.v46i4.76789
Al-Jaleel, R. A. A. (2012). Use of turmeric (Curcuma longa) on the performance and some physiological traits on the broiler diets. The Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 36(1), 51-57. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30539/iraqijvm.v36i1.548
Balakrishnan, K. N., Ramiah, S. K., & Zulkifli, I. (2023). Heat shock protein response to stress in poultry: A Review. Animals, 13(2), 317. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13020317 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13020317
Belkhanchi, H., Younes, Z., Maryama, H., & Ousama I. (2023). Formulation, optimization of a poultry feed and analysis of spectrometry, biochemical composition and energy facts.South African Journal of Chemical Engineering, 44(1), 31-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajce.2023.01.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajce.2023.01.005
Bello, K., Irekhore, O., Adeitan, O., Yusuf, A., & Bada, B. (2022). Physiological response, haematology and stress condition of scavenging chickens in cement production areas. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888705.2021.2021531 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10888705.2021.2021531
Berthault, C., Larcher, T., Härtle, S., Vautherot, J. F., Trapp-Fragnet, L., & Denesvre, C. (2018). Atrophy of primary lymphoid organs induced by Marek's disease virus during early infection is associated with increased apoptosis, inhibition of cell proliferation and a severe B-lymphopenia. Veterinary Research, 49(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13567-018-0526-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13567-018-0526-x
Brugaletta, G., Teyssier, J. R., Rochell, S. J., Dridi, S., & Sirri, F. (2022). A review of heat stress in chickens. Part I: Insights into physiology and gut health. Frontiers in physiology, 13, 934381. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2022.934381. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2022.934381
Bruno, A. N., Carneiro-Ramos, M. S., Buffon, A., Pochmann, D., Ricachenevsky, F. K., Barreto-Chaves, M. L. M., & Sarkis, J. J. F. (2011). Thyroid hormones alter the adenine nucleotide hydrolysis in adult rat blood serum. BioFactors, 37(1), 40–45. https://doi.org/10.1002/biof.133 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/biof.133
Çavuşoǧlu, E., Petek, M., Abdourhamane, I. M., Akkoc, A., & Topal, E. (2018). Effects of different floor housing systems on the welfare of fast-growing broilers with an extended fattening period. Archives Animal Breeding, 61(1), 9–16. https://doi.org/10.5194/aab-61-9-2018 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5194/aab-61-9-2018
Chanda, S., & Ramachandra, T. V. (2019). Phytochemical and Pharmacological Importance of Turmeric (Curcuma longa): A Review. A Journal of Pharmacology, 9(1), 16–23.
Chang, Y., Wang, X.J., Feng, J.H., Zhang, M.H., Diao, H.J., Zhang, S.S., Peng, Q.Q., Zhou, Y., Li, M., & Li, X. (2018). Real-time variations in body temperature of laying hens with increasing ambient temperature at different relative humidity levels. Poultry Science, 97(9), 3119–3125. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pey184 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pey184
Colin, P.Y., Kintses, B., Gielen, F., Miton, C.M., Fischer, G., et al. (2015). Ultrahigh-throughput discovery of promiscuous enzymes by picodroplet functional metagenomics. Nature communications, 6(1), 10008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms10008
Daudu, O. M., Kpachi, J., Clement, N. J., Odegbile, O. E., Salihu, E. A., & Ademu, L. A. (2020). Thermoregulatory, growth and blood indices of broiler chicks fed betaine hydrochloride supplemented diets under high ambient temperature Nigerian Society for Animal Production Nigerian Journal of Animal Production. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production, 47(4), 58–63. DOI: https://doi.org/10.51791/njap.v47i4.76
Dawood, M. A. O., Koshio, S., & Esteban, M. Á. (2018). Beneficial roles of feed additives as immunostimulants in aquaculture: a review. Reviews in Aquaculture, 10(4), 950–974.https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12209 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12209
Dein, F. (1984). Laboratory Manual of Avian Hematology. Association of Avian Veterinarian, East North Port, USA
De Jong, I. C., Gunnink, H., & Van Harn, J. (2014). Wet litter not only induces footpad dermatitis but also reduces overall welfare, technical performance, and carcass yield in broiler chickens. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 23(1), 51–58. https://doi.org/10.3382/japr.2013-00803 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3382/japr.2013-00803
Eratalar, S.A. (2021). The effects of plastic slatted floor and a deep- litter system on the growth performance of hybrid Pekin ducks. Archives Animal Breeding, 64(1), 1-6. https://doi: 10.5194/aab-64-1-2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5194/aab-64-1-2021
Gharechopogh, A. M., Fakhraei, J., Hosseini, S. A., Yarahmadi, H. M., & Lotfollahian, H. (2021). Performance, immune responses, and blood biochemistry of broiler chickens fed with plant growth compound. Tropical Animal Science Journal, 44(1), 62–70. https://doi.org/10.5398/tasj.2021.44.1.62 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5398/tasj.2021.44.1.62
Sawicka-Gutaj, N., Gruszczyński, D., Zawalna, N., Nijakowski, K., et al. (2022). Microbiota alterations in patients with autoimmune thyroid diseases: A systematic review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(21), 13450. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232113450 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232113450
Hafez, M. H., El-Kazaz, S. E., Alharthi, B., Ghamry, H. I., Alshehri, M. A., Sayed, S., Shukry, M., & El-Sayed, Y. S. (2022). The Impact of Curcumin on Growth Performance, Growth-Related Gene Expression, Oxidative Stress, and Immunological Biomarkers in Broiler Chickens at Different Stocking Densities. Animals : an open access journal from MDPI, 12(8), 958. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12080958 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12080958
Hakim, R. L., Mahfudz, L. D., & Muryani, R. (2021). Penambahan nukleotida pada ransum broiler yang dipelihara pada suhu lingkungan berbeda terhadap performa organ imunitas. Jurnal Sain Peternakan Indonesia, 16(2), 164–170. https://doi.org/10.31186/jspi.id.16.2.164-170 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31186/jspi.id.16.2.164-170
Hartono, M., Suharyati, S., & Santosa, P. E. (2002). Dasar fisiologi ternak. Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Lampung.
Heitmann, S., Stracke, J., Adler, C., Ahmed, M. F. E., Schulz, J., Büscher, W., Kemper, N., & Spindler, B. (2020). Effects of a slatted floor on bacteria and physical parameters in litter in broiler houses. Veterinary and Animal Science, 9, 100115 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vas.2020.100115 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vas.2020.100115
Hirakawa, R., Nurjanah, S., Furukawa, K., Murai, A., Kikusato, M., Nochi, T., & Toyomizu, M. (2020). Heat stress causes immune abnormalities via massive damage to effect proliferation and differentiation of lymphocytes in broiler chickens. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 7(46),1-13. https://doi.org/10.3389/ fvets.2020.00046 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2020.00046
Ifelayo, I. I., Onize, I. H., Faith, U., & Wodi, S. M. (2020). Haematology and serum biochemistry of broiler strains (Cobbs and Arbor-acre) fed ginger (Zingiber officinale). GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 11(2), 320–326. https://doi.org/ 10.30574/gscbps.2020.11.2.0145 DOI: https://doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2020.11.2.0145
Iftitah, D., Arisandi, B., Widyani, R. R. R., & Juniah, J. (2022). Physiological Conditions of Broiler Chickens During Transportation with Vitamin Treatment and Distance Difference. JurnalIlmu-Ilmu Peternakan, 32(3), 313–327. https://doi.org/ 10.21776/ub.jiip.2022.032.03.02 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jiip.2022.032.03.02
Ijadunola, T. I., Popoola, M. A., Bolarinwa, M. O., Ayangbola, K. A., & Omole, C. A. (2020). Effects of supplemental Vitamins E and C on growth performance and physiological responses of broiler chicken under environmental heat stress. Nigerian Journal Animal Science, 22(3), 17–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 13625187.2020.1774537
Irshad, S., Muazzam, A., Larke, M., & Dalrymple, B. (2018). Curcuma longa (Turmeric): An auspicious spice for antibacterial, phytochemical and antioxidant activities. Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 31(6), 2689–2696.
Kafi, A., Uddin, M. N., Uddin, M. J., Khan, M. M. H., & Haque, E. (2017). Effect of dietary supplementation of turmeric (Curcuma longa), ginger (Zingiber officinale) and their combination as feed additives on feed intake, growth performance and economics of broiler. International Journal of Poultry Science, 16(7), 257–265. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2017.257.265 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2017.257.265
Kang, S., Kim, D. H., Lee, S., Lee, T., Lee, K. W., Chang, H. H., Moon, B., Ayasan, T., & Choi, Y. H. (2020). An acute, rather than progressive, increase in temperature-humidity index has severe effects on mortality in laying hens. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 7, (2020), 568093.doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2020.568093 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2020.568093
Kpomasse, C.C., Oke, O.E., Houndonougbo, F.M., & Tona, K.(2021). Broiler production challenges in the tropics: A review. Veterinary Medicine and Science, 7, 831–842. https://doi. org/10.1002/vms3.435. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/vms3.435
Kusnadi, E. (2009). Perubahan malonaldehida hati, bobot relatif bursa fabricius dan rasio heterofil/limfosit (h/l) ayam broiler yang diberi cekaman panas. Media Peternakan, 32(2), 81–87.
Lagua, E. B., & Ampode, K. M. B. (2021). Turmeric powder: Potential alternative to antibiotics in broiler chicken diets. Journal of Animal Health and Production, 9(3), 243–253. https://doi.org/10.17582/journal.jahp/2021/9.3.243.253 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17582/journal.jahp/2021/9.3.243.253
Lewis, S. M., Williams, A., & Eisenbarth, S. C. (2019). Structure and function of the immune system in the spleen. Science Immunology, 33(4), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciimmunol.aau6085 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/sciimmunol.aau6085
Li, H., Wen, X., Alphin, R., Zhu, Z., & Zhou, Z. (2017). Effects of two different broiler flooring systems on production performances, welfare, and environment under commercial production conditions. Poultry Science, 96(5), 1108–1119. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/ pew440 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pew440
Liao, S., & Padera, T. P. (2013). Lymphatic function and immune regulation in health and disease. Lymphatic Research and Biology, 11(3), 136–143. https://doi.org/10.1089/lrb.2013.0012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/lrb.2013.0012
Liu, W. C., Ou, B. H., Liang, Z. L., Zhang, R., & Zhao, Z. H. (2021). Algae-derived polysaccharides supplementation ameliorates heat stress-induced impairment of bursa of Fabricius via modulating NF-κB signaling pathway in broilers. Poultry Science, 100(8). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2021.101139 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2021.101139
Makeri, H. K., Ayo, J. O., Aluwong, T., & Minka, N. S. (2017). Daily rhythms of blood parameters in broiler chickens reared under tropical climate conditions. Journal of Circadian Rhythms, 15(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.5334/jcr.151 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/jcr.151
Manafi, M. (2015). Comparison study of a natural non-antibiotic growth promoter and a commercial probiotic on growth performance, immune response and biochemical parameters of broiler chicks. Journal of Poultry Science, 52(4), 274–281. https://doi.org/10.2141/jpsa.0150027 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2141/jpsa.0150027
Mesa, D., Muniz, E., Souza, A., & Geffroy, B. (2017). Broiler-housing conditions affect the performance. Revista Brasileira de Ciencia Avicola, 19(2), 263–272. https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9061-2016-0346 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9061-2016-0346
Mnisi, C.M., Mlambo, V., Gila, A., Matabane, A.N., Mthiyane, D.M.N., et al. (2022). Antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of selected phytogenics for sustainable poultry production. Applied Sciences, 13(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13010099 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/app13010099
Moe, R. O., Bohlin, J., Flø, A., Vasdal, G., & Stubsjøen, S. M. (2017). Hot chicks, cold feet. Physiology and Behavior, 179, 42–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.05.025 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.05.025
Mohamed, F. F., Hady, M. M., Kamel, N. F., & Ragaa, N. M. (2020). The impact of exogenous dietary nucleotides in ameliorating Clostridium perfringens infection and improving intestinal barriers gene expression in broiler chicken. Veterinary and Animal Science, 10, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.vas.2020.100130 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vas.2020.100130
Mustamin, T., Rahim, R., Baharuddin, & Mulyadi, R. (2019). Air temperature and humidity outdoor analysis of buildings in panakukang makassar. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 620 (2019), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/620/1/012104 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/620/1/012104
Nagar, M. K., Shende, K., Dhuria, R. K., Manzer, H., & Surendra, S. (2021). Effect of turmeric (curcuma longa) powder and synbiotic as alternative to antibiotic growth promoter on the growth performance and mortality of broiler chicks. Journal of Animal Research, 11(1), 167–172. https://doi.org/10.30954/2277-940x.01.2021.22 DOI: https://doi.org/10.30954/2277-940X.01.2021.22
Nawaz, A. H., Amoah, K., Leng, Q. Y., Zheng, J. H., Zhang, W. L., & Zhang, L. (2021). Poultry response to heat stress: Its physiological, metabolic, and genetic implications on meat production and quality including strategies to improve broiler production in a warming world. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 8, 699081. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.699081 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.699081
Omomowo, O. O., & Falayi, F. R. (2021). Temperature-humidity index and thermal comfort of broilers in humid tropics. Agricultural Engineering International: CIGR Journal, 23 (3), 101-110.
Petek, M., Üstüner, H., & Yeşilbaǧ, D. (2014). Effects of stocking density and litter type on litter quality and growth performance of broiler chicken. Kafkas Universitesi Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi, 20(5), 743–748. https://doi.org/10.9775/kvfd.2014.11016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.9775/kvfd.2014.11016
Philippe (2009). Clinical and biomedical sciences of tropical diseases. Stichting van Openbaar Nut., 2: 701
Ravindran, V., & Reza Abdollahi, M. (2021). Nutrition and digestive physiology of the broiler chick: State of the art and outlook. Animals, 11 (10), 2795. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11102795 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11102795
Rosales, C., & Uribe-Querol, E. (2017). Phagocytosis: A Fundamental Process in Immunity. In BioMed Research International, 2017, 18, https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/9042851 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/9042851
Ruuskanen, S., Hsu, B. Y., & Nord, A. (2021). Endocrinology of thermoregulation in birds in a changing climate. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, 519, 111088. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.mce.2020.111088 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2020.111088
Rostagno, M. H. (2020). Effects of heat stress on the gut health of poultry. Journal of Animal Science, 98(4), 1-41.https://doi.org/ 10.1093/jas/skaa090 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa090
Sahli, H. (1902). Lehrbuch der klinischen untersuchungs-methoden. Leipzig, Wien, Franz Deuticke.
Salah A.S., Mahmoud M.A., Ahmed-Farid O.A., & El-Tarabany M.S. (2019). Effects of dietary curcumin and acetylsalicylic acid supplements on performance, muscle amino acid and fatty acid profiles, antioxidant biomarkers and blood chemistry of heat-stressed broiler chickens. Journal of Thermal Biology, 84, 259–265. doi: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2019.07.002. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2019.07.002
Salam, S., Sunarti, D., & Isroli, I. (2013). Physiological responses of blood and immune organs of broiler chicken fed dietary black cumin powder (nigella sativa) during dry seasons. Journal of the Indonesian Tropical Animal Agriculture, 38(3), 185–191. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.14710/jitaa.38.3.185-191 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/jitaa.38.3.185-191
Saleh, A. A., Shukry, M., Farrag, F., Soliman, M. M., & Abdel-Moneim, A. M. E. (2021). Effect of feeding wet feed or wet feed fermented by bacillus licheniformis on growth performance, histopathology and growth and lipid metabolism marker genes in broiler chickens. Animals, 11(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3390/ ani11010083 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11010083
Salin, K., Auer, S. K., Rey, B., Selman, C., & Metcalfe, N. B. (2015). Variation in the link between oxygen consumption and ATP production, and its relevance for animal performance. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 282(1812), 20151028. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.1028
Saputro, B., Santosa, P. E., & Kurtini, T. (2013). Pengaruh cara pemberianv aksin nd live pada broiler terhadap titer antibodi, jumlah sel darah merah dan sel darah putih. Jurnal Ilmiah Peternakan Terpadu, 2(3), 43–48.
Skomorucha, I., & Sosnówka-Czajka, E. (2017). Physiological parameters in broiler chickens reared under different housing systems during a period of high temperatures. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Zootechnica, 16(3), 25–34. https://doi.org/10.21005/ asp.2017.16.3.04 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21005/asp.2017.16.3.04
Sugiharto, S. (2020). Alleviation of heat stress in broiler chicken using turmeric (Curcuma longa) - a short review. Journal of Animal Behaviour and Biometeorology, 8 (3), 215–222. https://doi.org/10.31893/JABB.20028 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31893/jabb.20028
Sugiharto, S., Isroli, I., Widiastuti, E., & Prabowo, N. S. (2011). Effect of turmeric extract on blood parameters, feed efficiency and abdominal fat content in broilers. Journal of the Indonesian Tropical Animal Agriculture, 36(1), 21–26. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.14710/jitaa.36.1.21-26 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/jitaa.36.1.21-26
Suprayogi, A., Alaydrussani, G., & Ruhyana, A. Y. (2017). Rate, respiration rate, and body temperature values of lactating dairy cattle in pangalengan. Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian Indonesia, 22(2), 127–132. https://doi.org/10.18343/jipi.22.2.127 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18343/jipi.22.2.127
Taylor, N. A. S., Tipton, M. J., & Kenny, G. P. (2014). Considerations for the measurement of core, skin and mean body temperatures. Journal of Thermal Biology, 46, 72–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2014.10.006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2014.10.006
Toivanen, P. (1998). Bursa of Fabricius. In P. J. Delves (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Immunology (Second Edition) (pp. 393–396). Elsevier. https://doi.org/https:/doi.org/10.1006/rwei.1999.0105 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/rwei.1999.0105
Topal, E. & Petek, M. (2021) Effects of fully or partially slatted flooring designs on the performance, welfare and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens, British Poultry Science, 62(6), 804-809. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2021.1934399 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2021.1934399
Trairatapiwan, T., Lertpatarakomol, R., Jaipeng, P., & Paditporn, K. (2017). Effect of nucleotides supplementation on growth performance, humoral immunity, and intestinal morphological structure of broiler chickens. Journal of Mahanakorn Veterinary Medicine, 12(1), 1–10.
Tugiyanti, E., Susanti, E., Ismoyowati, I., & Rosidi, R. (2022). Effect of nucleotides and turmeric extract on blood protein and body weight of broiler kept in open cages. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1001(2022), 012005. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1001/1/012005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1001/1/012005
Yuniwarti, E. Y. W. (2015). Profil darah ayam broiler setelah vaksinasi AI dan pemberian berbagai kadar VCO. ANATOMI FISIOLOGI, 23(1), 38-46. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/baf.1.1.2016.54-58
Untari, T., Herawati, O., Anggita, M., Asmara, W., Wahyuni, A. E. T. H., & Wibowo, M. H. (2021). The effect of Antibiotic Growth Promoters (AGP) on antibiotic resistance and the digestive system of Broiler Chicken in Sleman, Yogyakarta. In BIO Web of Conferences (Vol. 33, p. 04005). EDP Sciences. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20213304005
Zhang, J., Bai, K. W., He, J., Niu, Y., Lu, Y., Zhang, L., & Wang, T. (2018). Curcumin attenuates hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction through the maintenance of thiol pool, inhibition of mtDNA damage, and stimulation of the mitochondrial thioredoxin system in heat-stressed broilers. Journal of Animal Science, 96(3), 867–879. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/sky009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/sky009
Zhang, J. F., Hu, Z. P., Lu, C. H., Yang, M. X., Zhang, L. L., & Wang, T. (2015). Dietary curcumin supplementation protects against heat-stress-impaired growth performance of broilers possibly through a mitochondrial pathway. Journal of Animal Science, 93(4), 1656–1665. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2014-8244 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2014-8244
Zhang, Q., Sun, X., Wang, T., Chen, B., Huang, Y., Chen, H., & Chen, Q. (2019). The postembryonic development of the immunological barrier in the chicken spleens. Journal of Immunology Research, 4,1-10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/6279360 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/6279360
Zhao, Z. G., Li, J. H., Li, X., & Bao, J. (2014). Effects of housing systems on behaviour, performance and welfare of fast-growing broilers. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 27(1), 140–146. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2013.13167 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2013.13167
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
