COVID-19 PANDEMIC: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW ON THE CORONAVIRUSES OF ANIMALS AND SARS-CoV-2

Bramhadev  Pattnaik; Sharanagouda S  Patil; Chandrashekar  S; Raghavendra G.  Amachawadi; A. P.  Dash; Mahendra P  Yadav; Kollur Shiva  Prasad; Sushma  P; Anisha S  Jain; Chandan  Shivamallu

doi:10.18006/2021.9(2).117.130

Authors

Bramhadev Pattnaik Former Director, ICAR- Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteswar, India 263138
Sharanagouda S Patil ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
Chandrashekar S Department of Studies in Biotechnology, Davangere University, Shivagangotri, Davangere Karnataka-577 007, India
Raghavendra G. Amachawadi Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States of America
A. P. Dash Former Advisor, WHO-SEARO & Former Vice-Chancellor, Central University, TN
Mahendra P Yadav Former Vice-Chancellor, SVP University of Agriculture & Technology, Meerut, India 250110
Kollur Shiva Prasad Department of Sciences, Amrita School of Arts and Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Mysuru Campus, Mysuru, Karnataka – 570 026, India
Sushma P Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, Karnataka - 570 015, India
Anisha S Jain Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, Karnataka - 570 015, India
Chandan Shivamallu Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, Karnataka - 570 015, India

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18006/2021.9(2).117.130

Keywords:

Coronaviruses, SARS, MERS, COVID-19

Abstract

Coronaviruses (CoVs), classified into four genera, viz., alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and Delta- CoV, represent an important group of diverse transboundary pathogens that can infect a variety of mammalian and avian species including humans, animals, poultry, and non-poultry birds. CoVs primarily infect lung and gut epithelial cells, besides monocytes and macrophages. CoVs have high mutation rates causing changes in host specificity, tissue tropism, and mode of virus excretion and transmissions. The recent CoV zoonoses are SARS, MERS, and COVID-19 that are caused by the transmission of beta-CoVs of bats to humans. Recently, reverse zoonoses of the COVID-19 virus have been detected in dogs, tigers, and minks. Beta-CoV strains also infect bovine (BCoV) and canine species (CRCoV); both these beta-CoVs might have originated from a common ancestor. Despite the high genetic similarity between BCoV, CRCoV, and HCoV-OC43, these differ in species specificity. Alpha-CoV strains infect canine (CCoV), feline (FIPV), swine (TGEV and PEDV), and humans (HCoV229E and NL63). Six coronavirus species are known to infect and cause disease in pigs, seven in human beings, and two in dogs. The high mutation rate in CoVs is attributed to error-prone 3′-5′ exoribonuclease (NSP 14), and genetic recombination to template shift by the polymerase. The present compilation describes the important features of the CoVs and diseases caused in humans, animals, and birds that are essential in surveillance of diverse pool of CoVs circulating in nature, and monitoring interspecies transmission, zoonoses, and reverse zoonoses.

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