Assessment of bacterial diversity in the chicken litter:  A potent risk to environmental health

Sunil Kumar; Razique Anwer; Neera Mehra; Tamanna Devi; Mukesh Yadav; Nirmala Sehrawat; Anil Kumar Sharma

doi:10.18006/2023.11(4).640.649

Authors

Sunil Kumar Department of Microbiology, Kampala International University, Western Campus, Ishaka City, UGANDA https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0689-2244
Razique Anwer Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, SAUDI ARABIA https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9223-1951
Neera Mehra Department of Zoology, Swami Shraddhanand College, University of Delhi, Alipur, Delhi, INDIA https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6068-5609
Tamanna Devi Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be) University, Mullana (Ambala City), Haryana, INDIA https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6278-0651
Mukesh Yadav Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be) University, Mullana (Ambala City), Haryana, INDIA https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8526-3747
Nirmala Sehrawat Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be) University, Mullana (Ambala City), Haryana, INDIA https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7486-909X
Anil Kumar Sharma Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be) University, Mullana (Ambala City), Haryana, INDIA https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9768-1644

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18006/2023.11(4).640.649

Keywords:

Antibiotics, Antimicrobial-Resistance Genes (ARGs), Chicken Litters, Manure, Soil

Abstract

Using chicken litter as an organic fertilizer on land is the most common, cheapest and environmentally safest way to manage the latter generated swiftly from the poultry industry. Raw chicken litter has been applied to field soils where various vegetables are cropped to increase yield or productivity. However, the chicken litter frequently come in contact with different environments, such as water, soil, microbes and vegetation. When chickens defecate, their litters, in a few countries, are particularly reused for the next flock, potentially causing cross-contamination. Due to various contact points in the environment, a high probability of bacterial transmission is predicted, which could lead to infection spread in animals and humans. Consumption of contaminated water, food, and meat could lead to the transmission of deadly infections. Microbes in the chicken litter also affect the grazing animals while feeding on fields duly applied with chicken litter as manure. The maximum permissible limits (MPLs) in the chicken litter for land application should not exceed 10⁶-10⁸ CFU/g for Coliform bacteria. Antibiotics are regularly mixed in the diet or drinking water of chicken grown in marketable poultry farms for treating bacterial diseases. Rampant usage of antimicrobials also results in resistant bacteria's survival in animal excreta. Herein, we surveyed the literature to identify the major bacterial genus harboured in the fields applied with chicken manure to increase soil fertility. Our detailed survey identified different bacterial pathogens from chicken litter samples from different investigations. Most studies showed the prevalence of Campylobacter, Salmonella, Enterococcus, E. coli, Bacillus, Comamonas, Proteus and Citrobacter, including many other bacterial species in the chicken litter samples. This article suggested that chicken litter does not meet the standard parameters for direct application as organic fertilizer in the fields. Before being applied to the ground, chicken litter should be treated to lessen the danger of polluting crops or water supplies by reducing the prevalence of harmful bacteria carrying antibiotic-resistance genes.

Author Biography

Sunil Kumar, Department of Microbiology, Kampala International University, Western Campus, Ishaka City, UGANDA

Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be) University, Mullana (Ambala City), Haryana, INDIA

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