STUDY OF ACUTE AND SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY OF Boehmeria virgata (FORST) GUILL LEAF EXTRACT IN WISTAR RATS

Marianti  Manggau; Endang Kusuma  Intan; Maghfirah; Wira Bahari  Nurdin; Husni  Cangara; Kim  Dong-Seok

doi:10.18006/2021.9(Spl-2-ICOPMES_2020).S248.S258

Authors

Marianti Manggau Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Indonesia
Endang Kusuma Intan Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Indonesia
Maghfirah Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Indonesia
Wira Bahari Nurdin Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Hasanuddin University, Indonesia
Husni Cangara Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Indonesia
Kim Dong-Seok Medicine College, Chung-Ang University, South Korea

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18006/2021.9(Spl-2-ICOPMES_2020).S248.S258

Keywords:

Boehmeria virgate, Leaf extract, Acute toxicity, Sub-acute toxicity, Hematology parameters, Biochemical parameters, Histopathological parameters

Abstract

This study was carried out to evaluate the acute and sub-acute toxicity of the standardized Boehmeria virgata leaf extract (BLVE) in Wistar rats. B. virgata is a traditional herb utilized by the people of Makassar, Indonesia to cure inflammation and cancer. In the current study, thirty (30) Wistar rats were divided into 6 groups (3 groups of males and 3 groups of females) for acute treatments. Similarly, for investigating sub-acute treatment forty (40) Wistar rats were split into 8 groups (4 groups of males and 4 groups of females). For acute toxicity treatment, selected rats received 2000 mg and 5000 mg/kg of BVLE by oral administration for 14 days while for the estimation of sub-acute toxicity, experimental rats were treated with 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg BVLE for 28 days. After 14 days of treatment, the rats were monitored for any form of changes in behavior, weight, food, water intake, and histopathology. The treated animals underwent hematological, biochemical, histopathological, and organ weight analysis after 28 days. Results of the study revealed no significant differences in body and organ weight, intake of food, and water after acute BVLE treatment in rats compared with those in the control group. The histopathological study suggested a general hydropic degeneration of the liver after acute treatment with 5000 mg/kg; such degeneration did not occur in the kidneys and kidney glomerulus of BVLE treated rats. Further, no significant toxicity was shown in hematological, biochemical, organ weight, and histopathological data in the sub-acute BVLE group after comparing treated rats with the control group. Results of the study can be concluded that BVLE is not toxic at doses of up to 1000 mg/kg. Therefore B. virgate fulfilled a preclinical criterion that is necessary for its further establishment as a clinically useful extract.

References

Badan Pengawas Obatdan Makanan Republik Indonesia (2014) Pedoman Uji Toksisitas Nonklinik Secara In Vivo. Edisi ke-7. BPOM, Indonesia

Chi MH, Hui RC, Yang CH, Lin JY, Lin YT, Ho HC, Chung WH, Kuo TT ( 2014) Histopathological analysis and clinical correlation of drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS). Journal of British Dermatology 170 (4): 866-873.

Chun-Ching L, Ming-Hong Y, Tsae-shiuan L, Jer-Min L (1998) Evaluation of the hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of Boehmeria nivea var nivea and B. nivea var tenacissima. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 60(1): 9-17.

Gufron M (2011) Gambaran Struktur Histologi Hepar dan Renal Mencit Setelah Pemberian Perlakuan Infus Akar Rimpang Jahe (Zingiber officinale) dengan Dosis Bertingkat. Jurnal Kedokteran Yarsi. 11: 15-20.

Hall Robert L (1992) Clinical pathology of laboratory animals. In: Andress JM (Ed.), Animal Models in Toxicology. New York. Marcell Dekker Inc. Pp. 791.

Harkness JE, Turner PV, Van de woude S (2010) Harkness and Wagner’s Biology and Medicine of Rabbits and Rodents. 5th ed. Ames: Willey-Blackwell Publication.

Jain M, Soni L, Deb A, Jain SP, Rout VB, Gupta KL, Krishna (2008) Antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity of ethanolic and aqueous extract of Momordica dioica Roxb leaves. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 15: 61-66.

Kennedy GL, Ferenz RL, Burgess BA (1986) Estimation of acute oral toxicity in rats by determination of the approximate lethal dose rather than the LD50. Journal of Applied Toxicology 6(3): 145–148.

Lukman M, Rusdi M, Hatta M, Rahman L, Subehan, Manggau M (2014) Anti proliferation activity of Nano encapsulated bioadhesive vaginal gel of isolated active Compound (BVI03) from Boehmeria virgata (Forst) Guill leaves against human cancer cervix Hela cells. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Research 6: 836-839.

Manggau M, Andriani F, Mufidah, Nurdin WB, Yulianti R, Usmar, Sutriadi S (2018) The in vitro study of the Alkaloid Anti-Cancer Compound from Makassar Medicinal Plants Boehmeria virgata Linn. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Review and Research 49(1): 77-81.

Manggau M, Hasan H, Wahyudin E, Haryono K, Mufidah, Lukman (2011) Efek Farmakologi Tanaman Antikanker yang Digunakan oleh Masyarakat Sulawesi Selatan. Balitbangda Sulawesi Selatan. ISBN 978 602 8400 55 8.

Manggau M, Lukman, Rusdi M, Hatta M, Sinrang AW, Subehan (2013) Effect of an Isolated Active Compound (BVI03) of Boehmeria virgata (Forst) Guill leaves on Anti-Proliferation in Human Cancer Cervix HeLa Cells through Activation of Caspase 3 and p53 Protein. Tropical Medicine & Surgery 1(3): 1-4.

Manggau M, Mufidah, Lindequist U (2009) Antiproliferation Against Human Bladder Cancer 5637 Cell Line and Antioxidant

Activity of Various Plant Extracts. The Indonesian Journal of Natural Products 6: 247-250.

Meegan MJ, O’Boyle NM (2019) Editorial of Special Issue of “Anticancer Drugs”. Pharmaceuticals 12(3): 134-140. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ph12030134.

Mohamed EAH, Lim CP, Ebrika OS, Asmawi MZ, Sadikun A, Yam MF (2011) Toxicity evaluation of a standardised 50% ethanolic extract of Orthosiphon stamineus. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 133: 358-363.

Qili H, Guoming S, Keliang L, Fangcheng Z, Yong J, Jun G, Lida L, Zhongren J, Minwu J, Huiping X (2017) Sex-specific reference intervals of hematologic and biochemical analytes in Sprague-Dawley rats using the nonparametric rank percentile method. PLoS ONE 12(12):e0189837. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189837.

Sparingga RA (2014) BPOM-RI (Indonesian National Agency of Drug and Food Control, Republic of Indonesia), Non-Clinical In Vivo Toxicity Test Guidelines and Regulation, Available at http://jdih.pom.go.id accessed 13 December 2018.

Tian XY, Xu M, Deng B, Leung KS, Cheng KF, Zhao ZZ, Zhang SP, Yang ZJ, Deng PX, Xu DY, Xu XP, Koo I, Wong M (2011) The effects of Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaud on embryonic development: in vivo and in vitro studies. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 134 (2):393-8.

Wardihan, Rusdi M, Alam G, Lukman, Manggau M (2013) Selective Cytotoxicity Evaluation in Anticancer Drug Screening of Boehmeria virgata (Forst) Guill Leaves to Several Human Cell Lines: HeLa,WiDr, T47D and Vero. Dhaka University Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 12(2): 87-90.