An International Open Access Journal
News Scroll
E-mail Alerts
Subscribe for TOC Alerts
Search Articles
sidebar
Creative Commons License

References


Aeffner F, Traylor ZP, Yu ENZ, Davis IC (2011) Double-stranded RNA induces similar pulmonary dysfunction to respiratory syncytial virus in BALB/c mice. American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 301(1): 99-109.

Akira S, Uematsu S, Takeuchi O (2006) Pathogen Recognition and Innate Immunity. Cell124(4): 783–801.

Amirian ES, Levy JK (2020) Current knowledge about the antivirals remdesivir (GS-5734) and GS-441524 as therapeutic options for coronaviruses. One Health 9: 100128.

Baccala R, Gonzalez-Quintial R, Lawson BR, Stern ME, Kono DH, Beutler B, Theofilopoulos A N (2009) Sensors of the innate immune system: their mode of action. Nature Reviews Rheumatology 5(8): 448–456.

Bilal M, Khan MI, Nazir MS, Ahmed I, Iqbal HMN (2020a) Coronaviruses and COVID-19 – Complications and Lessons Learned for the Future. Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology 14(suppl 1): 725-731.

Bilal M, Nazir MS, Parra-Saldivar R, Iqbal HM (2020b) 2019-NCOV/COVID-19-Approaches to viral vaccine development and preventive measures. Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology, 14(1): 25-29.

Borducchi EN, Li J, Nkolola JP, Cadena AM, Yu WH, Fischinger S, Barouch DH (2018) Antibody and TLR7 agonist delay viral rebound in SHIV-infected monkeys. Nature 563(7731): 360–364.

Cao L, Ji Y, Zeng L, Liu Q, Zhang Z, Guo S, Guo, D (2019a) P200 family protein IFI 204 negatively regulates type I interferon responses by targeting IRF7 in nucleus. PLOS Pathogens15(10): 1008079.

Cao L, Ji Y, Zeng L, Liu Q, Zhang Z, Guo S, Guo D (2019b) P200 family protein IFI204 negatively regulates type I interferon responses by targeting IRF7 in nucleus. PLoS Pathogens15(10): 1008079.

Cecere TE, Todd SM, LeRoith T (2012) Regulatory T Cells in Arterivirus and Coronavirus Infections: Do They Protect Against Disease or Enhance it? Viruses4(5): 833–846.

Chan JFW, Lau SKP, To  KKW, Cheng VCC, Woo PCY, YuenKY (2015) Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus: Another Zoonotic Betacoronavirus Causing SARS-Like Disease. Clinical Microbiology Reviews28(2): 465–522.

Channappanavar R, Fett C, Zhao J, Meyerholz DK,  Perlman S (2014) Virus-Specific Memory CD8 T Cells Provide Substantial Protection from Lethal Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection. Journal of Virology88(19): 11034–11044.

Chen J, Lau YF, Lamirande EW, Paddock C D, Bartlett JH, Zaki SR, Subbarao K (2010) Cellular immune responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) infection in senescent BALB/c mice: CD4+ T cells are important in control of SARS-CoV infection. Journal of Virology84(3): 1289–1301.

Chiu YH, Macmillan JB, Chen ZJ (2009) RNA polymerase III detects cytosolic DNA and induces type I interferons through the RIG-I pathway. Cell138(3): 576–591.

Chiu YH, MacMillan JB, Chen ZJ (2009) RNA Polymerase III Detects Cytosolic DNA and Induces Type I Interferons through the RIG-I Pathway. Cell 138(3): 576–591.

Crouch EC, Hirche TO, Shao B, Boxio R, Wartelle J, Benabid R, Belaaouaj A (2010) Myeloperoxidase-dependent inactivation of surfactant protein D in vitro and in vivo. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 285(22): 16757–16770.

Dhama K, Sharun K, Tiwari R, Sircar S, Bhat S, Malik YS, Rodriguez-Morales AJ (2020) Coronavirus Disease 2019 & ndash COVID-19, https://doi: org/10.20944/preprints202003.0001.v2.

Ermolaeva MA, Michallet MC, Papadopoulou N, Utermöhlen O, Kranidioti K, Kollias G, Pasparakis M (2008) Function of TRADD in tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 signaling and in TRIF-dependent inflammatory responses. Nature Immunology9(9): 1037–1046.

Ewald SE, Engel A, Lee J, Wang M, Bogyo M, Barton GM (2011) Nucleic acid recognition by Toll-like receptors is coupled to stepwise processing by cathepsins and asparagine endopeptidase. The Journal of Experimental Medicine 208(4): 643–651.

Garcia-Cattaneo A, Gobert FX, Muller M, Toscano F, Flores M, Lescure A, Benaroch P(2012) Cleavage of Toll-like receptor 3 by cathepsins B and H is essential for signaling. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences109(23): 9053–9058.

Garcia-Cattaneo FX, Müller M, Toscano F, Flores M, Lescure A, Benaroch P (2012) Cleavage of Toll-like receptor 3 by cathepsins B and H is essential for signaling. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America109(23): 9053–9058.

Gattinon L, Carlesso E (2018)Acute respiratory failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome, https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0064_update_001

Groskreutz DJ, Monick MM, Powers LS, Yarovinsky TO, Look DC, Hunninghake GW (2006) Respiratory Syncytial Virus Induces TLR3 Protein and Protein Kinase R, Leading to Increased Double-Stranded RNA Responsiveness in Airway Epithelial Cells. The Journal of Immunology176(3): 1733–1740.

Group TWH (2013) State of Knowledge and Data Gaps of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in Humans. PLoS Currents https://doi.org/10.1371/currents.outbreaks.0bf719e352e7478f8ad85fa30127ddb8.

Hacker H, Karin M (2006) Regulation and Function of IKK and IKK-Related Kinases. Science extquotesingles STKE 2006(357): 13.

Häcker H, Redecke V, Blagoev B, Kratchmarova I, Hsu LC, Wang GG, Karin M (2005) Specificity in Toll-like receptor signalling through distinct effector functions of TRAF3 and TRAF6. Nature 439(7073): 204–207.

Hara H, Tsuchiya K, Kawamura I, Fang R, Hernandez-Cuellar E, Shen Y, Mitsuyama M (2013) Phosphorylation of the adaptor ASC acts as a molecular switch that controls the formation of speck-like aggregates and inflammasome activity. Nature Immunology 14(12): 1247–1255.

Heil F (2004) Species-Specific Recognition of Single-Stranded RNA via Toll-like Receptor 7 and 8. Science 303(5663): 1526–1529.

Hemmi H, Takeuchi O, Kawai T, Kaisho T, Sato S, Sanjo H, Akira S (2000) A Toll-like receptor recognizes bacterial DNA. Nature 408(6813): 740–745.

Hornung V, Ablasser A, Charrel-Dennis M, Bauernfeind F, Horvath G, Caffrey DR, Fitzgerald KA (2009a) AIM2 recognizes cytosolic dsDNA and forms a caspase-1-activating inflammasome with ASC. Nature 458(7237): 514–518.

Hornung V, Ablasser A, Charrel-Dennis M, Bauernfeind F, Horvath G, Caffrey DR, Fitzgerald KA (2009b) AIM2 recognizes cytosolic dsDNA and forms a caspase-1-activating inflammasome with ASC. Nature 458(7237): 514–518.

Hughes K (2013) A global collaborative approach to human health risk assessment: The {WHO} chemical risk assessment network. Toxicology Letters221: 212.

Hutchens M, Luker KE, Sottile P, Sonstein J, Lukacs NW, Núñez G, Luker GD (2007) TLR3 Increases Disease Morbidity and Mortality from Vaccinia Infection. The Journal of Immunology 180(1): 483–491.

Hutchens M, Luker KE, Sottile P, Sonstein J, Lukacs NW, Núñez G, Luker GD (2008) TLR3 increases disease morbidity and mortality from vaccinia infection. Journal of Immunology 180(1): 483–491.

Iqbal, HM, Romero-Castillo KD, Bilal M, Parra-Saldivar R (2020) The emergence of novel-coronavirus and its replication cycle: an overview. Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology 14(1):13-16.

Imai Y, Kuba K, Neely GG, Yaghubian-Malhami R, Perkmann T, van Loo G, Penninger JM (2008) Identification of oxidative stress and Toll-like receptor 4 signaling as a key pathway of acute lung injury. Cell 133(2): 235–249.

Ivashkiv LB, Donlin LT (2013) Regulation of type I interferon responses. Nature Reviews Immunology 14(1): 36–49.

Janssen HLA, Brunetto MR, Kim YJ, Ferrari C, Massetto B, Nguyen AH, Gane EJ (2018) Safety, efficacy and pharmacodynamics of vesatolimod (GS-9620) in virally suppressed patients with chronic hepatitis B. Journal of Hepatology 68(3): 431–440.

Jensen S, Thomsen AR (2012) Sensing of RNA Viruses: a Review of Innate Immune Receptors Involved in Recognizing RNA Virus Invasion. Journal of Virology 86(6): 2900–2910.

Jensen Søren, Thomsen AR (2012) Sensing of RNA viruses: a review of innate immune receptors involved in recognizing RNA virus invasion. Journal of Virology 86(6): 2900–2910.

Johnsen IB, Nguyen TT, Ringdal M, Tryggestad AM, Bakke O, Lien E, Anthonsen MW (2006) Toll-like receptor 3 associates with c-Src tyrosine kinase on endosomes to initiate antiviral signaling. The EMBO Journal 25(14): 3335–3346.

Kawasaki T, Kawai T (2014) Toll-like receptor signaling pathways. Frontiers in Immunology5: 461.

Kell AM,  Gale M (2015) RIG-I in RNA virus recognition. Virology479, 110–121.

Khandia R, Dadar M, Munjal A, Dhama K, Karthik K, Tiwari R, Chaicumpa W (2019) A Comprehensive Review of Autophagy and Its Various Roles in Infectious, Non-Infectious, and Lifestyle Diseases: Current Knowledge and Prospects for Disease Prevention, Novel Drug Design, and Therapy. Cells 8(7): 674.

Ki M (2020) Epidemiologic characteristics of early cases with 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) disease in Korea. Epidemiology and Health 42: 2020007.

Kim YM, Brinkmann MM, Paquet ME,  Ploegh HL (2008) UNC93B1 delivers nucleotide-sensing toll-like receptors to endolysosomes. Nature 452(7184): 234–238.

Koh D, Sng J (2010) Lessons From the Past: Perspectives on Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health, 22(3): 132S--136S.

Kopecky-Bromberg SA, Martinez-Sobrido L, Frieman M, Baric RA, Palese P (2006) Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Open Reading Frame (ORF) 3b ORF 6, and Nucleocapsid Proteins Function as Interferon Antagonists. Journal of Virology 81(2): 548–557.

Kuba K, Imai Y, Rao S, Gao H, Guo F, Guan B, Penninger JM (2005) A crucial role of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in SARS coronavirus-induced lung injury. Nature Medicine 11(8): 875–879.

Lee KG, Xu S, Kang ZH, Huo J, Huang M, Liu D, Lam KP (2012) Bruton textquotesingles tyrosine kinase phosphorylates Toll-like receptor 3 to initiate antiviral response. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109(15): 5791–5796.

Lee Koon-Guan, Xu S, Kang ZH, Huo J, Huang M, Liu D, Lam KP (2012) Bruton’s tyrosine kinase phosphorylates Toll-like receptor 3 to initiate antiviral response. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 109(15): 5791–5796.

Li Y, Chen M, Cao H, Zhu Y, Zheng J, Zhou H (2013) Extraordinary GU-rich single-strand RNA identified from SARS coronavirus contributes an excessive innate immune response. Microbes and Infection15(2): 88–95.

Ling L, Lu Y, Zhang Y, Zhu H, TuP, Li H, Chen D (2020) Flavonoids from Houttuynia cordata attenuate H1N1-induced acute lung injury in mice via inhibition of influenza virus and Toll-like receptor signalling. Phytomedicine 67: 153150.

Liu Y, Zhang Z, Zhao X, Yu R, Zhang X, Wu S, Chen W (2014) Enterovirus 71 Inhibits Cellular Type I Interferon Signaling by Downregulating JAK1 Protein Expression. Viral Immunology 27(6): 267–276.

Lu X, Pan J, Tao J, Guo D (2010) SARS-CoV nucleocapsid protein antagonizes IFN-upbeta response by targeting initial step of IFN upbeta induction pathway, and its C-terminal region is critical for the antagonism. Virus Genes 42(1): 37–45.

Lu X, Pan J, Tao J,  Guo D (2011) SARS-CoV nucleocapsid protein antagonizes IFN-β response by targeting initial step of IFN-β induction pathway, and its C-terminal region is critical for the antagonism. Virus Genes 42(1): 37–45.

Ma DY,  Suthar MS (2015) Mechanisms of innate immune evasion in re-emerging RNA viruses. Current Opinion in Virology12: 26–37.

McGonagle D, Sharif  K, O’Regan A, Bridgewood C (2020) The Role of Cytokines including Interleukin-6 in COVID-19 induced Pneumonia and Macrophage Activation Syndrome-Like Disease. Autoimmunity Reviews19(6): 102537.

Menendez D, Snipe J, Marzec J, Innes CL, Polack FP, Caballero MT, Resnick MA (2019) p53-responsive TLR8 SNP enhances human innate immune response to respiratory syncytial virus. The Journal of Clinical Investigation129(11): 4875–4884.

Nelemans T,  Kikkert M (2019) Viral Innate Immune Evasion and the Pathogenesis of Emerging RNA Virus Infections. Viruses11(10): 961.

Nilsen NJ, Vladimer GI, Stenvik J, Orning MPA, Zeid-Kilani MV, Bugge M, Lien E (2015) A role for the adaptor proteins TRAM and TRIF in toll-like receptor 2 signaling. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 290(6): 3209–3222.

O’Neill LAJ, Golenbock D, Bowie AG (2013). The history of Toll-like receptors — redefining innate immunity. Nature Reviews Immunology13(6): 453–460.

Okumura A, Pitha PM, Yoshimura A, Harty RN (2009) Interaction between Ebola Virus Glycoprotein and Host Toll-Like Receptor 4 Leads to Induction of Proinflammatory Cytokines and SOCS1. Journal of Virology 84(1): 27–33.

Onofrio L, Caraglia M, Facchini G, Margherita V, Placido S De,  Buonerba C (2020) Toll-like receptors and COVID-19: a two-faced story with an exciting ending. Future Science OA6(8): 605.

Opal SM, Laterre PF, Francois B, LaRosa SP, Angus DC, Mira JP (2013) Effect of Eritoran, an Antagonist of MD2-TLR4, on Mortality in Patients With Severe Sepsis. JAMA, 309(11):1154.

Parker LC, Prince LR, Sabroe I (2007) Translational mini-review series on Toll-like receptors: networks regulated by Toll-like receptors mediate innate and adaptive immunity. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 147(2): 199–207.

Pauli EK, Schmolke M, Wolff T, Viemann D, Roth J, Bode JG, Ludwig S (2008a) Influenza A Virus Inhibits Type I IFN Signaling via NF-upkappaB-Dependent Induction of SOCS-3 Expression. PLoS Pathogens 4(11): e1000196.

Pauli EK, Schmolke M, Wolff T, Viemann D, Roth J, Bode JG, Ludwig S (2008b) Influenza A virus inhibits type I IFN signaling via NF-kappaB-dependent induction of SOCS-3 expression. PLoS Pathogens4(11): e1000196.

Phadwal K, Alegre-Abarrategui J, Watson AS, Pike L, Anbalagan S, Hammond EM, Simon AK (2012) A novel method for autophagy detection in primary cells. Autophagy 8(4): 677–689.

Plantinga M, Hammad H, Lambrecht BN (2010) Origin and functional specializations of DC subsets in the lung. European Journal of Immunology 40(8): 2112–2118.

Sato S, Sugiyama M, Yamamoto M, Watanabe Y, Kawai T, Takeda K,  Akira S (2003a) Toll/IL-1 Receptor Domain-Containing Adaptor Inducing IFN-upbeta$(TRIF) Associates with TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 6 and TANK-Binding Kinase 1, and Activates Two Distinct Transcription Factors, NF-upkappaB and IFN-Regulatory Factor-3, in the Toll-Like Receptor Signaling. The Journal of Immunology171(8): 4304–4310.

Sato S, Sugiyama M, Yamamoto M, Watanabe Y, Kawai T, Takeda K, Akira S (2003b) Toll/IL-1 Receptor Domain-Containing Adaptor Inducing IFN-β (TRIF) Associates with TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 6 and TANK-Binding Kinase 1, and Activates Two Distinct Transcription Factors, NF-κB and IFN-Regulatory Factor-3, in the Toll-Like Receptor S. The Journal of Immunology171(8): 4304–4310.

Schneider WM, Chevillotte MD, Rice CM (2014) Interferon-Stimulated Genes: A Complex Web of Host Defenses. Annual Review of Immunology32(1): 513–545.

Seranova E, Ward C, Chipara M, Rosenstock TR, Sarkar S (2019) In Vitro Screening Platforms for Identifying Autophagy Modulators in Mammalian Cells. In Methods in Molecular Biology 1880:389-428. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-8873-0_26

Shah STA, Mansoor M, Mirza AF, Dilshad M, Khan MI, Farwa R, Khan MA, Bilal M, Iqbal HMN (2020) Predicting COVID-19 Spread in Pakistan using the SIR Model. Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology 14(2): 1423-1430.

Souyris M, Cenac C, Azar P, Daviaud D, Canivet A, Grunenwald S, Guéry JC(2018) TLR7escapes X chromosome inactivation in immune cells. Science Immunology 3(19): 8855.

Spiegel M, Pichlmair A, Martinez-Sobrido L, Cros, J, Garci’a-Sastre A, Haller O, Weber F (2005) Inhibition of Beta Interferon Induction by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Suggests a Two-Step Model for Activation of Interferon Regulatory Factor 3. Journal of Virology79(4): 2079–2086.

Strasser D, Neumann K, Bergmann H, Marakalala M, Guler R, Rojowska A, Ruland J (2012) Syk Kinase-Coupled C-type Lectin Receptors Engage Protein Kinase C-updelta to Elicit Card9 Adaptor-Mediated Innate Immunity. Immunity36(1): 32–42.

Sun L, Wu J, Du F, Chen X, Chen ZJ (2012) Cyclic GMP-AMP Synthase Is a Cytosolic DNA Sensor That Activates the Type I Interferon Pathway. Science339(6121): 786–791.

Tang FSM, Van Ly D, Spann K, Reading PC, Burgess JK, Hartl D, Oliver BG (2016) Differential neutrophil activation in viral infections: Enhanced TLR-7/8-mediated CXCL8 release in asthma. Respirology 21(1): 172–179.

Uematsu S, Akira S (2007) Toll-like Receptors and Type I Interferons. Journal of Biological Chemistry 282(21): 15319–15323.

Wang CM, Chang SW, Wu YJ, Lin JC, Ho HH, Chou TC, Chen JY (2014) Genetic variations in Toll-like receptors (TLRs 3/7/8) are associated with systemic lupus erythematosus in a Taiwanese population. Scientific Reports 4: 3792.

Wang T, Du Z, Zhu F, Cao Z, An Y, Gao Y, Jiang B (2020). Comorbidities and multi-organ injuries in the treatment of COVID-19. Lancet 395(10228): 52.

Yamashita M, Chattopadhyay S, Fensterl V, Saikia P, Wetzel JL, Sen GC (2012) Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Is Essential for Toll-Like Receptor 3 Signaling. Science Signaling 5(233): 50.

Yamashita M, Chattopadhyay S, Fensterl V, Saikia P, Wetzel JL, Sen GC (2012) Epidermal growth factor receptor is essential for Toll-like receptor 3 signaling. Science Signaling 5(233): 50.

Zhao J, Li K, Wohlford-Lenane C, Agnihothram SS, Fett C, Zhao J, Perlman S (2014) Rapid generation of a mouse model for Middle East respiratory syndrome. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111(13): 4970–4975.

Zuo Y, Yalavarthi S, Shi H, Gockman K, Zuo M, Madison JA, Knight JS (2020) Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) as markers of disease severity in COVID-19. MedRxiv?: The Preprint Server for Health Sciences, https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.09.2005962

Editorial Board
Indexed & Listed In
Scimago Journal Rank
Track manuscript
Manuscript Statistics
Articles Statistics
Publication Statistics