The future of Mango farmers post COVID-19 pandemic outbreak: The Household Livelihood Resilience Approach

Authors

  • Mashau Azwihangwisi Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, North West University, Mahikeng Campus, Mmabatho, South Africa 2735
  • Luvhengo Usapfa Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, North West University, Mahikeng Campus, Mmabatho, South Africa 2735
  • Simon Letsoalo Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, North West University, Mahikeng Campus, Mmabatho, South Africa 2735

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18006/2022.10(5).1204.1214

Keywords:

Mango farmers, Post COVID-19 outbreak, Socio-economic status, Limpopo, South Africa

Abstract

The future and welfare of mango farmers are important and if mango farmers can apply agribusiness behavior, namely perseverance, resilience, hard work, saving, carefulness, discipline, and respecting time, they stand a better chance of survival during a pandemic. How mango farmers’ livelihood will be going forward is, yet unknown since many aspects such as economic, physical, financial, and human factors of their way of earning a living are affected hugely by Covid-19. This study was conducted to determine the socio-economic nature of mango farmers in Vhembe district Limpopo province, determine the livelihoods of mango farmers after the Covid-19 pandemic, and identify challenges that mango farmers encountered during the Covid-19 pandemic. Descriptive statistics and household were employed to help analyze the results from the collected data. In the study area, 77% of the farmers were males and pensioners since they were above the age of 60. Currently, mango farmers are highly impacted by the outbreak of Covid-19 in terms of production and marketing their products, thus these changes in their livelihood and their survival in farming are in the line since 54% of the farmers currently have access to loans, which makes it easy for them to cover for their loss of income. The government should ease up other restrictions on farmers to enable them to farm and issue necessary support to those farmers who have lost the least they had due to Covid-19. Concerning access to information about Covid-19, the results of the study posit the significance of the relationship between finance and human capital, which the study recommended that the government should subsidize the farmers.

References

AFD (2020). Briefs on food security in Asia and the Pacific amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Retrieved from https://www.adb.org/ sites/default/files/publication/611671/adb-brief-139-food-security-asia-pacific-covid-19.pdf.

Albert, J.H., & Chib, S. (1993). Bayesian analysis of Binary and Polychotomous response data. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 88 (422), 669-679. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1993.10476321

Alexander, D.R. (2013). Resilience and disaster risk reduction: an etymological journey. Natural Hazards Earth System Science, 13, 2707–2716 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-2707-2013

Altendorf, S. (2017). Global prospects for major tropical fruits, Short-term outlook, challenges and opportunities in a vibrant global marketplace. Food outlook, 69-81. Retrieved from https://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/est/COMM_MARKETS_MONITORING/Tropical_Fruits/Documents/Tropical_Fruits_Special_Feature.pdf.

Andersen, J., Péter, C., & Péter, B. (2020). The Impact of the Coronavirus on agriculture: First evidence based on global newspapers. Sustainability, 12, 4535.

Bahadur, A. V., Ibrahim, M., & Tanner, T. (2010). The resilience renaissance? Unpacking of resilience for tackling climate change and disasters. Strengthening climate resilience, a discussion paper 1. Brighton: Institute of development studies. Retrieved from https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/20.500.12413/2368.

Berkes, F., Colding, J., & Folke, C. (Eds.). (2002). Navigating Social-Ecological Systems: Building Resilience for Complexity and Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/ CBO9780511541957. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511541957

Campbell, B., Sayer, J.A., Frost, P., Vermeulen, S., & Ruiz, P. (2001). Assessing of the performance of natural resource systems. Conserving Ecology Journals, 5(2), 20-22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-00316-050222

Clark, J., & Carney, D. (2008). Sustainable livelihoods approaches, what have we learnt: A review of DFID’s experience with sustainable livelihoods, ESRC Research seminar paper.

Department for international development (DFID), (2020). Sustainable livelihoods guidance sheets; Department for International Development: London, UK. Retrieved from http://www.livelihoods.org/info/info_guidancesheets.html accessed on 1 June 2020.

Department of Agriculture, forestry and fisheries (DAFF), (2019). A profile of the S.A mango market value chain, Agriculture forestry and fisheries, Pretoria.

Ellis, L., & Freeman, A. (2007). Development geography at the crossroads of livelihood and globalisation. Tijdschriftvoor Economis cheen Sociale Geografie, 94(3), 350–362. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9663.00262

Erenstein, O., Hellin, J., & Chadna, P. (2010). Poverty mapping based on livelihood assets: ameso-level application in the indo genetic plains, India. Applied Geography Journal, 30, 11-125. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2009.05.001

Folke, C., Colding, J., & Berkes, F. (2002). Synthesis: Building resilience and adaptive capacity in social–ecological systems. In F. Berkes, J. Colding, & C. Folke (Eds.), Navigating Social-Ecological Systems: Building Resilience for Complexity and Change (pp. 352-387). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511541957.020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511541957.020

Food and Agriculture Organisation (2020a). Covid-19 pandemic impact on food and agriculture.

Food and Agriculture Organisation (2020b). The impact of Covid-19 on food and agriculture in Asia and the Pacific and FAO’s response. Regional conference for Asia and the pacific.

Galán Saúco, V. (2004). Mango Production and World Market: Current Situation And Future Prospects. Acta Horticulture Journal, 645, 107-116. DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2004.645.7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2004.645.7

Gatto, A., & Busato, F. (2020). Energy vulnerability around the world: The global energy vulnerability index (GEVI). Journal of Cleaner Production, 253,118691. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118691

Jámbor, A., Czine, P., & Balogh, P. (2020). The impact of the Coronavirus on agriculture: First evidence based on global newspapers. Sustainability, 12(11), 4535. https://doi.org/10.3390/ su12114535 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su12114535

Lebel, L.P. (2017). Gender and the management of climate-related risks in Northern Thailand. UNESCO: pp. 147-158. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/issj.12090

Nagler, J. (1994). Interpreting Probit Analysis. New York University. Retrieved from http://www.nyu.edu/classes/nagler/ quant2/notes/probit1.pdf accessed on 23 July 2021.

Quandt, A. (2018). Measuring livelihood resilience: the household livelihood resilience approach (HLRA). World Development, 107, 253-263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.02.024 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.02.024

Rahman, M., Khatun, M., & Miah, M. M. (2019). Profitability analysis of mango cultivation and its impact on farmer’s livelihood in some areas of Bangladesh. Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research, 44(1), 139–152. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v44i1.40937

Rawal, M.S., Khatun, M., & Monayem, M.A. (2020). Profitability analysis of mango cultivation and its impact on farmer’s livelihood in some areas of Bangladesh. Agricultural Research, 44(1), 139-152. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v44i1.40937

Schmidhuber, J., Pound, J., & Qiao, B. (2020). COVID-19: Channels of transmission to food and agriculture. Rome, FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/ca8430en. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4060/ca8430en

Scoone, I. (2020). Livelihoods perspectives and rural development. Journal of Peasant Studies, 36 (1), 12-17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150902820503

Smith, D. (2012). Aids and ignorance thrive as Swaziland struggles for funds to fight disease: The Guardian, Wednesday 11 April 2012. Retrieved from http://www.theguardian.com /world /2012/Apr/11/aids-ignorance-swaziland-struggles-funds.

Speranza, C. I., Wiesmann, U., & Rist, S. (2014). An indicator framework for assessing livelihood resilience in the context of social–ecological dynamics. Global Environmental Change Journal, 28(1), 109–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.06.005. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.06.005

Stas, S.A. (2018). Table of country-specific HIV and AIDS estimates and data. Retrieved from www.statsa.org/html/pub/ GlobalReports/TableEstimatesEnd2001_en_xls.xls.

Tanner, T., Lewis, D., Wrathall, D. et al. (2015) Livelihood resilience in the face of climate change. Nature Climate Change, 5 (1), 23–26 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2431 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2431

Thulstrup, A.W. (2015). Livelihood resilience and adaptive capacity: tracing changes in household access to capital and central Vietnam. World development, 74, 352-362. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.05.019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.05.019

Twigg, J. (2007). Characteristics of a disaster-resilient community: A guidance note to the DFID DRR interagency coordination group. Retrieved from https://www.preventionweb.net/files/ 2310_Characteristicsdisasterhighres.pdf.

UNESCAP (2019). ISDR Website, terminology of disaster risk reduction. Retrieved from http://www.unescap.org/eng/library/lib-terminology-eng%20home.htm.

URD, (2020). Mango orchard technical specification for trees of hope project, Clinton development initiative, Lilongwe.

Yamba, S. Appiah, O.D. Pokuaa-Siaw, L. & Asante, F. (2017). Smallholder farmers’ livelihood security options amidst climate variability and change in rural Ghana. Scientifica, 1, 1868290. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/1868290 pp 1-10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/1868290

Downloads

Published

2022-10-31

How to Cite

Azwihangwisi, M., Usapfa, L., & Letsoalo, S. (2022). The future of Mango farmers post COVID-19 pandemic outbreak: The Household Livelihood Resilience Approach. Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences, 10(5), 1204–1214. https://doi.org/10.18006/2022.10(5).1204.1214

Issue

Section

RESEARCH ARTICLES

Categories