Volume 8, Issue 1, February Issue - 2020, Pages:54-62 |
Authors: Indrajeet A Samant, D. K. Gaikwad |
Abstract: Coconut is used throughout worldwide in various rituals, festivals and in food. A huge amount of unused parts of coconut such as fibrous husk and shells are thrashed every day. The present study illustrates the sustainable use of fibrous husk as a source of natural dye. Hence, in order to improve the dye yield, various dye extracting factors were optimized with the help of statistical software. The RSM based Box Behnken approach for optimization was found effective which increases dye yield up to 37%. The analysis of the model implies that the model fits well for all the four factors and found to be significant. All the factors M: L ratio, temperature, Time and pH were found influential in the dye extracting process. The system also helps to improve the yield for desired pH to obtain multiple hues. The optimized parameters to improve dye yield were M:L ratio of 1:130, temperature 80°C, time 250 minutes, pH 9.3. |
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Full Text: 1 Introduction Natural colors are dyes or pigments acquired from plants, animals or mineral resources without any chemical preparations. They are produced from sources such as fruits, leaves, flowers, roots, barks, insects, etc. Indeed, they are not easily accessible and require an appropriate extraction method. Modern day synthetic dyes marked by Perkin's invention of mauve in 1856, leads to the decline of natural dyes (Zollinger, 2003). Most synthetic dyes are carcinogenic and can cause allergic reactions. While natural dyes impart several benefits over synthetic colors as they are ecofriendly, non-toxic, biodegradable, aesthetically pleasing and having multiple medicinal properties (Gupta et al., 2004). Cocos nucifera L (Family Arecaceae), often referred to as 'coconut' is regarded as a major plant in tropical and subtropical areas (Imo et al., 2018). Fruits of coconut is consumed as a nutritional diet while non-consumable Coir fiber and husk (mesocarp) are considered as agricultural and domestic waste (Khalid Thebo et al., 2016). These natural wastes are cheaper, in toxic, extremely efficient and easily available. Thus, applying waste products as natural dyes can reduce the cost of natural dyeing and also helps in maintaining the environment. The heavy, fibrous, and dry-tanned mesocarp has many industrial uses. Industry uses pith husk fiber as raw material for carpets, stuffing seats for cushioning, and as fertilizers in agriculture (Verma et al., 2019). The plant is commonly being used in the food industry and the use of thrown away parts of the plant will help lower waste and pollution. The fiber exhibited antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and anti-parasitic activity (Lima et al., 2015). Tea prepared from C.nucifera husk fiber is used in Brazil to treat diarrhea (Esquenazi et al., 2002). Likewise, the husk fiber extract in Guatemala is used as an antipyretic to decrease renal inflammation and as an ointment for dermatitis, abscesses, and injuries (Cáceres et al., 1987). Aqueous extract of husk fiber is used as an asthma treatment (Hope et al., 1993). Diabetes is treated by husk extract in Jamaica (Mitchell & Ahmad, 2006). Peruvians orally use the aqueous extract of fresh coconut fiber for asthma, diuretics, and gonorrhea (Lima et al., 2015). Presence of polyphenols such as catechins, flavonoids and tannins were reported in high quantity in ethyl acetate extract (Matos, 1997; Freitas et al., 2011; Pal et al., 2011; Renjith et al., 2013). South Indian people utilize fibrous husks for brushing the teeth is a common dental care practice of many rural individuals. Optimization of the process is an important task to improve the extraction efficiency of dye from the material. The response surface methodology (RSM) a statistical approach to the optimization method is better as it requires a lesser number of experiments compared to the full-factorial or (OFAT) one factor at a time (Sundari, 2015; Ali et al., 2016; Jabeen et al., 2019). Box-Behnken design is a very effective method optimization model fitting (RSM) tool (Tayeb et al., 2018). It also checks the adequacy of the model by finding interactions between inputs and outputs for recognizing optimum conditions. One of the benefits of this model is that this doesn't include all the variables at its extreme limit, so we can prevent experiments that may not give anticipated outcomes (Sundari, 2015). However, to the utmost of our understanding, there is almost no information on optimizing the conditions of natural dye extraction from C. nucifera. So, in this research, the effect of multiple process factors such as extraction time, pH, temperature, material to liquor ratio (M:L) on percent production output was evaluated using Box-Behnken design. 2 Materials and Methods Based on previous research findings and subsequent trials, current study identified that pre-soaking and ultrasonification of material prior to conventional simple boiling method improves production yield. 2.1 Preparation and extraction of colorant Coconut husk along with its coir fiber was collected as a waste material from temples and household use. The collected material was ground in a commercial pulverizer to produce in powder form. Further, the powder was sieved to get 0.25 mm fine powder which was used for extraction purposes. The extraction process was carried out by taking 1gm of 0.25 mm fine powder in 500 ml conical flask containing 100 ml distilled water in 1:100 ratio at pH 7 was kept for soaking for 24 hours, after soaking it was subjected for 10 min ultrasonification and placed in the water bath at 90° C for 120 min. The flask was covered and stirred manually by frequent shaking to prevent the wasting of solvent by evaporating. The sample was filtered and stored under cool temperature 0°- 4° C. The same method is implied for all the 29 combinations with four different factors and their three levels which are generated by the system as given in table 1. The extracted crude dye specimens are then transferred to a pre-weighted evaporating dish and subjected to drying at 50° C on a water bath until all solvent is evaporated and dried powder is formed. This powder is then cooled and weighed to determine the extracted dye weight and used to calculate the percentage of the color yield as follows (Sundari, 2015). % yeild=Wf-WiWp×100 Were, Wp – Weight of raw plant material; Wi – Initial weight of the empty evaporating dish; Wf – Final weight of dried natural dye with the evaporating dish. 2.2 Optimization of the process: Response surface methodology (RSM) identifies optimum process configurations to attain maximum efficiency and also reduces the number of trails. Therefore, by using Design-Expert software (version 11.1.2 .Stat-Ease Inc., Minneapolis, USA), a Box-Behnken approach for four variables was selected as the design of the experiment. The percentage yield of dye was chosen as a system response whereas the four process parameters such as time, pH, temperature and material to liquor ratio (M: L) were taken as input variables (Sundari, 2015). On the basis of previous trails, the lower and upper limits of each factor (time varying from 120 minutes to 300 minutes, pH 4 to 10, temperature 50° C to 90° C and M:L ratio ranging from 1:100 to 1:200) were inputted in the model as shown in table 2. The combinations and the number of runs are depended upon the number of factors and their center points per block. Here, 29 runs of different combinations were generated and the optimized results were calculated. Regression analysis and Analysis of variance (ANOVA) were performed with the quadratic model by design expert software to satisfy the system generated mathematical model. Notable conditions were discovered in the model for response by analysis of variance and the importance was assessed by the F-value calculated from the data. 3 Result and discussion: |
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