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Volume 7, Issue 5, October Issue - 2019, Pages:468-476


Authors: Ajay Verma, J. Crossa, M. Vargas, A.K. Joshi, G.P. Singh
Abstract: Best linear unbiased predictors of wheat genotypes were analysed as per analytic measures of adaptability for the North Eastern Plains zone of the country under mixed model framework. Among the tested genotypes, genotype K1006 had better adaptation while HD2733 & HD2967 were of specific adaptability during the cropping season of 2016-17. Biplot analysis based on first two significant principal components, accounted for 72.2 % of total GxE interaction sum of squares, observed stable performance of HD2967 and DBW187 genotypes while K1007 and HD2733 would be suitable for specific adaptations. Further, genotypes HD2967, DBW187 and HD3219 had expressed specific adapta­tion to Varanasi, Faizabad and Dumka, whereas K0307 and DBW39 were better adapted to conditions of Coochbehar & Chianki. Bikramganj with Manichak, Coochbehar with Chianki, Varanasi with Faizabad, Banka with Sabour and Bardwan maintained acute angles therefore would show similar performance of genotypes. Better adaptable genotypes with higher yield were HD2733, PBW762, HD3249 & DBW223 as per year cropping season of 2017-18. Biplot analysis identified HD2967, DBW233, HD3254 along with PBW762 and DBW39 genotypes of stable performance. Genotypes WH1218, DBW223, HD2733, HD3249 and DBW221 expressed unstable performance. Harmonic means of the relative performance of predicted genetic values by BLUP is suitable to identify the better adaptive genotypes with high yield.
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Full Text: 1 Introduction Major objective of a wheat improvement program of any country is to identify promising genotypes which represent yield advantage relative to established check varieties (Crespo et al., 2017). Efficiency of a breeding program is judged by positive changes in yield performance over time (de Oliveira et al., 2017). Main concern in the selection process is to exploit G×E interaction effects so as to reduce the degree of uncertainty in the promotion process for broad or specific adaptability (Burgueño  et al., 2011; Silva et al., 2014). Recently linear mixed model analysis of plant breeding experiments under multi environments trials has proved efficient and widely used (Friesen et al., 2016). Focus of MET analysis is to select the better performing genotypes, based on their yield rankings, owing to random performance of genotypes and consequent use of BLUPs is justified (Gogel et al., 2018). BLUPs maximize the correlation between the realized values and true values (Piepho et al., 2008). Full multivariate BLUP model utilizes all information along with variance heterogeneity (Kleinknecht et al., 2011). Factor analytic (FA) model with sufficient multiplicative terms is computationally robust (Smith & Cullis, 2018) and superiority of the Factor Analytic model in a breeding program had been demonstrated by Nuvunga et al. (2018). North eastern plains zone of India comprises eastern Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Assam and plains of West Bengal. Wheat is cultivated under highly diverse situations in around 8 million ha area. Among different wheat growing zones, this zone occupies 27% of total wheat area and accounts for 22% of the total wheat production in the country. The prime objective was to study adaptability of wheat genotypes by analytic measures under mixed models methodology. 2 Materials and Methods Seven advanced wheat genotypes were evaluated under multi environments trials at 14 major locations of the zone and fifteen advanced wheat genotypes were at thirteen major locations of the zone during 2016-17 and 2017-18 cropping seasons respectively (Figure 1). Field trials were laid out in Randomized Block Design with three replications and recommended agronomical interventions followed to harvest the good crop. More over the yield were analysed further to generate useful information. Details of genotypes and locations were reflected in tables 1 & 2 for ready reference. Mixed model to estimate fixed effects of blocks (b), random effects of genotypes (g) and interaction GxE effects (c) along with random errors (e) described as Y = Xb + Zg +Wc + e Where incidence matrices were X, Z and W respectively (Resende & Duarte, 2007). Simple and effective measure for adaptability is calculated as the relative performance of genetic values (PRVG) across environments (Resende, 2007).  Moreover measure MHVG method (harmonic mean of genetic values), based on the harmonic mean of the genotypic values across in different environments (Resende, 2007). Lower the standard deviation of genotypic performance across environments, the greater is the harmonic mean of its genotypic values. Another measure based on the harmonic mean of the relative performance of the genotypic values (MHPRVG) under the mixed models analysis (Resende, 2007) for the simultaneous analysis of stability, adaptability and yield. Consequently, the selection for higher values of the harmonic mean results in selection for both yield and stability. PRVGij = VGij / VGi MHVGi = Number of environments / i=1k1Xi MHPRVGi. =  n / j=1k1PRVGij VGij is the genotypic value of the i genotype, in the j environment, expressed as a proportion of the average in this environment. To facilitate interpretation, PRVG and MHPRVG values were multiplied by the general mean (GM), to provide results in the same magnitude as of the average wheat yield (Verardi et al., 2009). Estimation of the variance components were carried out by ASReml-R package using residual maximum likelihood (REML) along with estimation / prediction of the fixed as well as random effects (Cullis et al., 2014). 3 Results and discussion 3.1 First year of study (2016-17) Average yield of genotypes as per BLUP’s identified in K1006 & DBW39 as desirable while HD2967 along with HD2733 expressed low yields (Table 3). Harmonic mean of genotypes values selected K1006 &  DBW39 as high yielders at the same lower yield of HD2733 & HD2967. Mean and Harmonic yield of studied genotypes based on BLUE’s pointed towards DBW187 and HD3219. PRVG as well as PRVG*GM pointed out K1006 &  DBW39 as of better adaptable genotypes whereas HD2733 & HD2967 with low adaptability across locations of North Eastern Plains Zone of the country. Recent analytic measures HMPRVG and HMPRVG*GM marked K1006 & K0307 genotypes of high yield and better adaptability across zone. In general an agreement was observed in the classification of wheat genotypes, based on BLUP, MHVG, PRVG, MHPRVG and average yield (Table 3). Genotypic values can be predicted by measures based on Harmonic means that cares of adaptability along with yield (Verardi et al., 2009). Under mixed model methodology MHPRVG measures observed as an efficient for wheat improvement programs as mentioned by Mendes et al 2012 for other crops (Verardi et al., 2009; Mendes et al., 2012). Large variation in average yield of wheat genotypes had observed on the BLUE and BLUP across zone (Figure 2). More over consistent lower values had seen for genotypes based on BLUE except for HD3219 & DBW187. However the heights standard error of genotypes were at par with fixed and random effects assumptions of genotypes behavior. First two significant principal components accounted for 72.2 % of total GxE interaction sum of squares (Figure 4). Biplot analysis pointed out stable performance of genotypes or environments occupy positions near the cross section of coordinate system and vice versa for unstable behavior (Durate & Vencovsky, 1999). According to Yang & Kang (2003) specific adaptability of genotypes justified by close proximity near to environment. Genotypes HD2967 and DBW187 would be of stable performance while K1007 and HD2733 would be suitable for specific adaptations (Figure 4). This interpretation is based on distance of genotypes from origin of biplot analysis. Environments of Bardwan, Ranchi, Kanpur and Kaul would be the larger contributors to the G × E interaction of genotypes. On the other hand, Sabour and Shillongani environ­ments would be suitable for stable performance of wheat genotypes. Genotypes and environments placed close to each other in the biplot have positive associations; this behavior would enable to identify specific zones for rela­tively similar performance of genotypes. HD2967, DBW187 and HD3219 had a specific adapta­tion to Varanasi, Faizabad and Dumka environments, whereas K0307 and DBW39 were better adapted genotypes to en­vironments Coochbehar & Chianki. Genotype HD2733 expressed suitability to Ranchi & Ghazipur locations.   PC 1 = 42.92 %; PC 2 = 29.30% Total 72.22%
Bikramganj with Manichak, Coochbehar with Chianki, Varanasi with Faizabad, Banka with Sabour and Bardwan would show similar performance of genotypes as expressed acute angles among rays connecting these environments. Kanpur had an angle of 180 with Ranchi likewise Dhumka with Bikramgunj this would express opposite performance of genotypes i.e. K1006 will not be of choice for Dhumka. 3.2 Second year of study (2017-18) Mean of genotypes based on BLUP values identified HD2733, HD3249, DBW223, PBW762 as desirable while WH1218 & DBW187 as of low yielders. Harmonic mean of genotypes values selected HD2733, PBW762, HD3249, DBW223 as high yielders while WH1218 & DBW233 showed lowest yield (Table 4). HD2733, HD3249, PBW762, DBW223 genotypes were pointed out by PRVG as well as by PRVG*GM as of better adaptable genotypes whereas WH1218 & DBW233 of low adaptability across locations of North Eastern Plains Zone trials. HMPRVG and HMPRVG*GM marked HD2733, HD3249, PBW762, DBW223 as of high yield and better adaptability across zone for irrigated timely sown cultivation. There was an agreement in the classification of productive wheat genotypes, based on BLUP, MHVG, PRVG, MHPRVG and average yield (Table 4). Difference had observed among the BLUE and BLUP values of genotypes across zone (Figure 3). More over consistent lower values had seen for genotypes under mixed model analysis. However the heights standard error of genotypes were at par with fixed and random effects assumptions of genotypes behavior. First two significant principal components accounted for 58.5 % of total GxE interaction sum of squares (Figure 5). Genotypes HD2967, DBW233 and HD3254 were the most stable; however, these were in company with the genotypes PBW762 and DBW39. This conclusion holds because these genotypes were po­sitioned near the origin of the biplot. On the other hand, genotypes WH1218, DBW223, HD2733, HD3249 and DBW221 were the most unstable; that is, these had specific adaptations, because they were more distant from the biplot origin. Environment Manichak was the largest contributor to the phenotypic stability of these genotypes. On the other hand, far positioned environ­ments from the origin in the AMMI2 biplot i.e. Aural, Kalyani, Sabour and Kanpur contributed to the G × E interaction. Genotypes and environments placed close to each other in the biplot have positive associations; this behavior would enable to identify agronomic zones with rela­tive performance of genotypes. HD2967 had a specific adapta­tion to environment Manichak, whereas DBW221, K1006 and K1601 were better adapted genotypes to en­vironments Kalyani & Sabour. Genotype PBW762 expressed suitability to Varanasi & Ranchi environment conditions. In general, purpose is to identify wheat genotypes with wide geographic adaptation as well as higher yield along with good average yield even in hetero­geneous environments (Murakami & Cruz, 2004). Although, these conditions are hard to satisfy in order to increase zonal productivity of wheat cereal, now it is imperative to recommend genotypes with specific adaptations (Crespo et al., 2017). Particularly for this important cereal, to ensure food security of country, the identification of these specific positive interactions becomes espe­cially important as there is lot of pressure to improve wheat productivity in North Eastern Plains zone of country under changing environmental conditions. Conclusions Recent measures of adaptability based on harmonic means of the relative performance of genotypes as per their BLUP estimates observed to be  suitable to identify the better adaptive genotypes with high yield. Acknowledgements Guidance and financial support extended by Dr RP Singh, CIMMYT Mexico acknowledged by the authors. Efforts of staff, working at various centers, are highly appreciated for field evaluation under coordinated system of wheat. Conflict of Interest No conflict of interest
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