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Volume 6, Issue 1, February Issue - 2018, Pages:131-141 |
| Authors: Milky Goyal, Rouf Ahmad Dar,Urmila Gupta Phutela |
| Abstract: Protease is one of the most important groups of commercially produced enzymes. This study was aimed at the optimization and kinetics of protease production from poultry dropping based biodigested slurry by Humicola fuscoatra MTCC 1409. Four significant variables (pH, temperature, slurry concentration and inoculum concentration) were considered for optimization both by one variable at a time approach and response surface methodology. The maximum protease production in the poultry dropping based biodigested slurry was (531±1.37 U g-1) under the optimum conditions of pH (5), temperature (40°C), slurry concentration (25%) and inoculum concentration (10%). The protease production was found to be 3.38 fold higher under optimized conditions as compared to the non-optimized ones. The thermal inactivation of protease produced from biodigested slurry was investigated kinetically within temperature range of 30-70°C. The irreversible inactivation was well described by first order kinetics with k values increasing between 0.0028 to 0.0071 min-1 and t1/2 decreasing from247.70 to 98.10 mins. At higher temperature, there was significant decrease in residual activity. The activation energy, enthalpy, Gibbs free energy and entropy range calculated on the basis of residual activity experiments conducted at temperature range of 30-70°C was found to be 21.29, 18.44 to 18.78 kJ mol-1, 89.01 to 98.47 kJ mol-1 and -0.23334 to -0.23181 kJ mol-1 respectively, suggesting the thermostability of enzyme. This is first report on optimization, kinetics and determination of thermodynamic parameters of protease production by Humicola fuscoatra MTCC 1409 from poultry dropping based biodigested slurry. |
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Full Text: 1 Introduction Proteases (EC 3.4), hydrolyzing proteins to short peptides or free amino acids (Barrett & McDonald, 1986), account for nearly 60% of the industrially important enzyme market. These are used in many industries like detergents, food processing, animal nutrition, pharmaceuticals, textiles and paper (Kamath et al., 2010). Recently, researchers developed interest in fungal proteases due to high diversity, broad substrate specificity and stability under extreme conditions, besides producing acidic, neutral and alkaline proteases (Tremacoldi et al., 2004). Moreover fungi can be grown on cheaper substrates over a wide range of pH (4.0-11.0) (Murthy & Naidu, 2010) and produce extracellular enzymes, that can be easily recovered from fermenting broth by simple filtration (Chandrasekaran et al., 2015). Poultry industry waste consists of mainly a mixture of poultry droppings, bedding material (e.g. wood shavings or straw), dead birds, waste feed, broken eggs and feathers removed from poultry houses (Kelleher et al., 2002). Poultry litter has high pollutant load so, its direct application on land may lead to nutrient leaching, spread of pathogens, production of phytotoxic substances, eutrophication of water bodies, and other air pollutants (Costa et al., 2012), No doubt, its disposal is of great concern but being organic in nature, the poultry droppings can be utilized for biogas generation. Poultry droppings had been found to generate more biogas than piggery and cattle wastes (Rao et al., 2011). Biogas production from poultry droppings helps us to meet our energy sources. The anaerobic digestion of poultry droppings yields approximately 60% methane, 38% carbon dioxide, and mixture of water vapors, ammonia and hydrogen sulphide (Bolan et al., 2010). The use of agro-industrial waste, as cultivation media, is a matter of great interest, as this may help to decrease the costs of enzyme production (Singh et al., 2009). After biogas production, safe disposal of slurry is a big problem as it is very difficult to transport viscous material to the fields. Also, its direct application in the soil, forms a slow degradable layer on the soil surface, which is not desirable. Poultry dropping based biodigested slurry contains large amount of proteins, nitrates and amino acids, that can be utilized as substrate for protease production. Thermodynamic studies can provide information about the thermostability of enzymes at the operating temperature. The enzyme undergoes a first order kinetics reaction, which is responsible for its irreversible denaturation and is expressed in terms of its half life (t1/2). The activation energy and change in Gibbs free energy, enthalpy and entropy between the folded and unfolded states of enzyme are to describe denaturation thermodynamics (Saqib et al., 2010). The activity and thermostability of enzymes are important parameters to determine the economic feasibility in industrial processes. High stability is generally considered an economic advantage because of its reduced enzyme turnover (Vielle & Zeikus, 2001). Various factors like temperature, pH, slurry concentration and inoculum concentration can be optimized by Response Surface Methodology using Statgraphics Centurian XVI.I software. The main advantage of response surface methodolgy is the reduced number of experimental runs needed to provide sufficient information for statistically acceptable results. No reports are available on protease production from Humicola fuscoatra MTCC 1409 using poultry dropping based biodigested slurry. Thus, the study was designed to optimize the cultural conditions for protease production by H. fuscoatra MTCC 1409 using poultry dropping based biodigested slurry which will be a cheaper substrate for decreasing the cost of enzyme production. 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Procurement of substrate and culture The poultry droppings, collected from the Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University (GADVASU), Ludhiana (India) were used in lab scale 10 liter biogas digester set up at Biogas Laboratory, Punjab Agricultural University (PAU), Ludhiana (India). Standard culture of H. fuscoatra MTCC 1409 was procured from Microbial Type Culture Collection (MTCC), Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh (India) and was maintained on potato dextrose agar slants at 40±2ºC by monthly transfers. The culture was stored at 4ºC after sub-culturing. 2.2 Qualitative enzyme estimation The fungal culture was studied qualitatively for protease enzyme production by clearance zone method (Saran et al., 2007). H. fuscoatra MTCC 1409 was point inoculated on the Petri plates containing skimmed milk medium and incubated at 40°C. Plates were flooded with tannic acid (10%) after luxuriant growth of fungi and were observed for the formation of clear zone around the colony which represents the production of proteases by the fungus. Potency index was calculated as given below: Potency index = Area of clearance zone (cm2) Area of colony (cm2) 2.3 Protease production from biodigested slurry through fermentation |
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